Escape and Confinement in Flaubert’s Madame Bovary

A theme throughout Flaubert's Madame Bovary is escape versus confinement. In the novel Emma Bovary attempts again and again to escape the ordinariness of her life by reading novels, having affairs, day dreaming, moving from town to town, and buying luxuries items. It is Emma's early education described for an entire chapter by Flaubert that awakens in Emma a struggle against what she perceives as confinement. Emma's education at the convent is perhaps the most significant development of the dichotomy in the novel between confinement and escape. The convent is Emma's earliest confinement, and it is the few solicitations from the outside world that intrigue Emma, the books smuggled in to the convent or the sound of a far The chapter mirrors the structure of the book it starts as we see a satisfied women content with her confinement and conformity at At first far from being boredom the convent, she enjoyed the company of the nuns, who, to amuse her, would take her into the chapel by way of a long corridor leading from the dining hall. She played very little during the recreation period and knew her catechism well. The chapter is also filled with images of girls living with in the protective walls of the convent, the girls sing happily together, assemble to study, and pray. But as the chapter progresses images of escape start to dominate. But these are merely visual images and even these images are either religious in nature or of similarly She wished she could have lived in some old manor house, like those chatelaines in low wasted gowns who spent their days with their elbows on the stone sill of a gothic window surmounted by trefoil, chin in hand watching a white plumed rider on a black horse galloping hem from far across the country. (Flaubert 32. ) As the chapter progresses and Emma continues dreaming while in the convent the images she conjures up are of exotic and foreign lands. No longer are the images of precise people or event but instead they become more fuzzy and chaotic. The escape technique that she used to conjure up images of heroines in castles seems to lead inevitably And there were sultans with long pipes swooning on the arbors on the arms of dancing girls; there were Giaours, Turkish sabers and fezzes; and above all there were wan landscapes of fantastic ountries: palm trees and pines were often combined in one picture with tigers on the right a lion on the left. (Flaubert 33. ) Emma's dreams by this point are chaotic with both palms and pines mixed together with lions and tigers. These dreams continue and change themselves into a death wish as swans transform themselves into dying swans, and singing into funeral music. But Emma although bored with her fantasy refuses to admit it and she starts to revolt against the confines of the convent until the Mother Superior was glad to see The chapter about Emma Bovary's education at the convent is ignificant not only because it provides the basis for Emma's character, but also because the progression of images in this chapter is indicative of the entirety of the novel. The images progress from confinement to escape to chaos and disintegration. In Madame Bovary Emma changes from a women content with her marriage, to a women who escapes from the ordinariness of her everyday life through affairs and novels, to a women whose life is so chaotic that she disintegrates and kills herself. Indeed, Madame Bovary is like a poem comprised of a Emma Bovary found interest in the things around her which revent her boredom in her early education it was the novels she read, â€Å"They were filled with love affairs, lovers, mistresses, persecuted ladies fainting in lonely country houses. She also found interest in the sea but only because it was stormy. But all the things that Emma found interest in she soon became board of from Charles to Leon. This cycle of boredom and the progression of images of confinement, escape, and chaos, parallel both in the Chapter on Emma's education and the novel as a whole the entire mural of the novel as Emma's journey from boredom in reality to self-destruction in fantasy.

Client-Server Networking Essay Essay

The problem in the given scenario for the user is that the new driver installed to be compatible with the graphics adapter was not downloaded correctly or was incomplete. This is what causes the secondary malfunctions with the screen. When he was seeing the wavy lines it meant that the driver needed to be updated to use the new graphics adapter. He then checked the device manager and saw that it could be updated. He did so and restarted the computer afterwards. As it started he began hearing the noises because the driver was not downloaded correctly. And he then lost the display and could not diagnose the issue properly. In order to resolve this issue you must first restart the computer. As it comes back up from restarting you would put it in safe mode. It should give you the option to do this like it does to start windows normally. Now that you are in safe mode you are able to use a generic graphics driver that it has within it. But you must first uninstall the new driver that was showing the issues and re-install the driver you have before. From here you just wait for the next compatible driver for that graphic adapter to come out for use. Do not attempt to download the new driver again. From there your issue is temporarily resolved.

Has the increase in trade in developing countries increased wage Essay

Has the increase in trade in developing countries increased wage inequality between skilled and unskilled workers in the develop - Essay Example inequality and unemployment can be observed in developed countries leading many to think that a connection between the two developments exists. The Increasing Trade in Developing Countries Table 1 shows a comparative illustration of the growth rates in export between developed and developing economies between the periods 1980 to 1990 and 1990 to 1999. Note that the start of the rise in world trade, especially in developing countries, is not shown and instead started two decades later. The growth rate in export rose by more than twice for developing countries and almost doubled that in import rate. On the other hand, the rates for both export and import decreased in the second period for the developed countries. There are two explanations of the current rapid trade growth: technological and political. Technocrats believed that advances in transportation and communication made the world smaller and trade and easier, whilst political scientists believed that political factors such as th e GATT and efforts of developing countries at self-liberalisation in trade explain the growth. Krugman contends, however, that the current rise in global trade is simply a self-correction after it went down during the two world wars implying that the current level is comparable to that prior to said wars. 3 Table 1 Comparative Export/Import Growth, 1980-90, 1990-994 Growing Wage Inequality in Developing Countries Parallel to the rise in global trade particularly involving in developing countries is an observable growing wage inequality between skilled and unskilled workers in developed countries. In a data compiled by OECD, some highly industrialised countries showed a rising wage inequality from 1980 to 2005. Figure 1 shows the comparative rise of income inequality in the USA, the UK, Australia and Canada. The USA income data particularly shows a steep rise in income inequality. The UK, Canada and Australia also revealed a rising pattern but not as pronounced as that of the US. The re are developed countries, however, that do not exhibit this phenomenon such as in the cases of Nordic countries like Norway, Sweden, Finland and Denmark and some continental countries such as France, Italy, Germany and Netherlands. Figure 1 Income Inequality in Continental and Anglo Countries5 Income Inequality as a Consequence of Trade Growth in Developing Countries Some quarter hold the view that the rising income inequality in developed countries is underpinned by the trade growth in developing countries. This is purportedly because the rapid movement of goods and capital in the global market favour those who are in a position to use such opportunity whilst undermined those who are not. The expanding global trade has presented high capital entrepreneurs a wider field with which to expand their business whilst low income group who cannot compete are left behind.6 Relative to this, two theories are used to explain the impact of trade liberalisation on wage inequality in the indus trialised world. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory suggests that

Research Proposal on Convicted Felons and Time in Prison Paper

Proposal on Convicted Felons and Time in Prison - Research Paper Example Even if a person is accused of felony, he is more likely to find the best legal representative at one of the law firm to clear their name (Saferstein, 2003). Every nation and state has his or her own regulations and laws that govern the felony crime together with their punishment. Generally, the felony crimes are considered serious infractions compared to other crime. Some of the examples of felony crimes include the rape, arson, murder, theft that reaches a given monetary threshold and assault that causes harm to a person (Morgan, M. (2000). Majority of nations and states punish the convicted individuals for lesser crimes such as jail time below one year, community service, and fines. However, for felony criminals, they receive much harsh treatment. It is not strange for a victim convicted for felony to serve long jail terms, large penalty or even both. Additionally, one might be ordered by the court to pay restitution. Restitution is when a person convicted for a given crime is financially compensated. Finally, when the law approves it and the crime is seen to be serious, there is high chance that one receives a death penalty due to co nviction of felony. Depending on the committed felony together with historical factors, a person and his attorney are allowed to reduce the punishment. Specifically, a person is more likely to undergo probation. Probation is the suspended time of jail. Sometime a person can serve a certain jail term before probation, but other times a felony victim can see probation rather than a jail time. Probation does not mean that a person is free (Petherick, Turvey, & Ferguson, 2010). There are conditions that one has to meet like maintaining job and undergoing counseling. Additionally, violating the terms of the probation can lead to severe penalties like imprisonment. For those who are charged with conviction of felony, parole is one the possibilities. Parole is defined as the condition release for

U.s. jails today Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

U.s. jails today - Essay Example Figure 1 illustrates how far the US-prisoner rate than those of other developed countries.   PEW estimated that in 2008 2,319,258 of the US population are incarcerated (7). These statistics are very far from those of China, one of the most populated countries in the world. China’s incarcerated rate is estimated to be at 1.5 million of their population only (Hutchins 1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the ratio of prisoners per 100,000 individuals of the US population grew from 193 in 1995 to 259 in 2007. Based on the study of the Bureau of Justice Statistics, on average, 15,502 sleeping beds were added in jails during the past 12 months in 2007. The additional beds summed up a total rated capacity of 813,502 beds and in the middle of 2007, 96% of these beds were already used and inhabited by inmates (Bureau of Justice Statistics, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/jails.htm). To maintain such overwhelming number of prisoners, correctional facilities, polices, and support groups should also be at par with the number of prisoners. With the rapid growing population of inmates in the US, expenditure in jails, correction, support facilities, and others are also increasing dramatically.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to the figure above, there has been a humungous increase in the expenditure of the criminal-justice functions. In the police function there had been an increased of 396% from the average expenditure of 1982 to the average expenditure in 2005. With regards to correctional and judicial expenses, the same trend occurred with the police functions. Both correctional and judicial expenses in 2005 had an increase of 619% and 474%, respectively, from its values in 1982.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To accommodate a common inmate, an average of $23,876 per year is needed (PEW, 11). This figure is based on 2005 statistics. Moreover, states expenditure per prisoner varies with Rhode Island with $44, 860 spending on the top of

Aerobic Zumba paper for a sports student and linked to a lesson plan Term

Aerobic Zumba for a sports student and linked to a lesson plan - Term Paper Example The microcycle exercises taught here are very beneficial to the general health. Physical exercise can be defined as any kind of bodily activity that is performed to maintain the individual’s physical fitness, the general health and wellness of the person. Exercises are carried out for a variety of reasons for instance weight loss, strengthening of the muscles and cardiovascular system, maintenance and even for the purpose of entertainment and enjoyment. Frequent physical exercise is a booster to the immune system and assists in the prevention of diseases like those related to the heart, cardiovascular system, obesity and certain types of cancer (Woods, 2011, p. 41). Exercise is known to improve the state of mental health and promote and enhance the confidence and self esteem of those who get involved in it. These benefits are discussed in this term paper very exhaustively. The effects of these exercises on the basic skills of the learners and any other person who gets involved in them are also reviewed. This is discussed with the view of enhancing the strength, speed, endurance and coordination of those involved. Exercise indeed makes people feel better, to build in more energy and even live longer live longer lives. The health benefits of carrying out regular exercise and constant physical activity are not easy to ignore. They are beneficial to every individual regardless of age, physical ability and sex. Healthcare providers have often described exercises as a miracle or wonder drug whose capability is very tremendous in preventing diseases where expensive drugs could be used (Kennedy & Yoke, 2009, pp. 294-295). Indeed, exercise is a drug at the disposal of every individual. One chooses to take it or leave it at the expense of social and health well being. The Beneficial Effects of microcycle Exercises One of the beneficial effects of the exercises is that it helps to reduce the size of the waistline. This is very helpful as it tones and strengthens th e entire mid section and also boosts the hips. For the learners to achieve this fundamental benefit, they should perform the exercise of standing with legs hip-width apart and positioning the hands in front of the chest for balance (Alidina, 2012). The right foot then should be stepped on the right side followed by the left foot, and then the body twisted. The same step should be repeated on the opposite side. Exercise can significantly assist in the prevention of excess weight gains. In the same vein, exercise assists in maintaining the weight loss. When one engages in exercise or physical activity calories are burned. When the activity is intense more calories are burned. This has fundamental health benefits and can prevent several diseases that arise from conditions such as obesity. One does not have to set aside huge chunks of time and resource in doing the exercise so as to gain from these benefits. If one feels that it is very hectic to carry out these exercises, he should not worry and feel so left out. It is possible to reap these benefits by getting active throughout the day by doing simple things. Simple ways such as taking stairs instead of elevator, spending some time walking and reviving up the household chores can work out miracles and help those who fear to carry out the actual exercise equally achieve the health benefits associated with such exercises (Kraemer & Fleck, 2007, pp. 120-122). Exercise helps is combating diseases and other health conditions. Those who are worried about health diseases now have nothing to worry about if they can take an active role in carrying out the exercises. High blood

Reducing mongoose in Hawaii Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reducing mongoose in Hawaii - Essay Example address the issue through mobilizing collective efforts by the public as well as the government agents responsible of wildlife conservation and management into resolving the issue. There is the need to have the endangered species of animals and plants (threatened by mongoose) saved while still conserving the mongoose because the retaliation efforts by the citizens present another threat to the mongoose species. This paper therefore proposes the creation of management/conservation zones for the mongoose in Hawaii, which would help through protecting them from human beings while at the same time reducing their detrimental effects towards human beings. The position of this paper that conserving the mongoose through conservancy zones would present an amicable solution to the current issue is because the solution has proven with other species on endangered species of wildlife. By keeping the species out of unauthorized interaction with human beings would allow them to breed to the capacity that the ecosystem would naturally support while reducing their risk of threatening existence of other species of animals and plants as claimed. Adaptive management has therefore been shown to be a paramount area of study in the 21st century especially with the increase in human populations and the resultant interference with natural ecosystem. The study is therefore not only interesting but also informative and presents an opportunity for people to devise practical solutions to emerging issues such as the one at hand. Hays, W. S., & Conant, S. (2007). Biology and impacts of Pacific Island invasive species. 1. A worldwide review of effects of the small Indian mongoose, Herpestes javanicus (Carnivora: Herpestidae). Pacific Science, 61(1),

The March That Started a Movement Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The March That Started a Movement - Case Study Example Time has come to praise the contribution King made to free the African American community from the slavery they were forced into for years by their white oppressors. This essay is significant for those who live in third world countries, in the end giving them the faith that, one day, they will also become strong leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. King was a minister from Alabama, who would later become the leading voice of the civil rights movement. For that, he traveled across the country, simultaneously arranging protests and marches to bring attention to the fight which African Americans faced on a day-to-day basis. Like many before him who had sought to end social prejudice and injustice, King was thrown in jail on several times; throughout the ordeal he sustained a personal viewpoint of peacefulness as a means of succeeding. He thought that taking a combative attitude would perhaps just formulate things of inferior quality, with the accurate way to success being achieved through avocation of both truth and acceptance. King is perhaps most famous for his approach during the Civil Rights Movement. He too would be impacted by the events of the movement, or by means of eminence at rest become diehard. In fact King and Quaid i.e azam were the best symbols of the historic civil rights movements of the 20th century which serve d to enhance the lives for a greater part of the world's common people. They established the efficiency of diplomatic tactics and by this means were able to help to decrease the violence and hate, with the purpose of triumphing over colonialism, as well as officially imposed cultural unfairness. In 1962, frustration had become widespread in African American communities throughout the country. The African American unemployment rate was twice as high in comparison to the rate of whites and sadly, major human rights reforms had not yet been accomplished. Asa Philip Randolph, labor leader and founder of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, had labeled the suggestion of a march as a need "for jobs and freedom." One of the most essential points of the march was the demand that Congress be interested in the process leading towards the anticipation of civil rights legislation. Negroes had become irritated by continued unfairness. Their definitive ambition was total, unqualified freedom for themselves. The mainstream white progressives were heated by the rough treatment given to the African American community. The march in the beginning was considered to be an affair, which would serve to remedy the distressed circumstances faced by the blacks in the South, along with an excepti onally free break on the road to placing organizers' concerns, as well as their objections, squarely before the seat of power in the nation's capital. They proceeded to condemn the federal government not being in favor of human rights and corporeal shelter of civil rights workers and blacks that lived, by and large, in the South. On the other hand, the factions did submit to presidential demands and authority of the Executive branch of government. Historically, most would consider the March on Washington as an especially momentous occurrence, not just in the United States, but the rest of the world as well. In excess of 250,000 people came to Washington in their bid to insist that equal opportunity for blacks are given and that Congress must

Safelite Glass Performance Pay Essay Example for Free

Safelite Glass Performance Pay Essay Before executives undertake to design a performance pay plan (PPP), they should carefully think about the objectives that they want employees to pursue. In Safelite case, they want to increase installers’ productivity, create loyalty among its largely transient workforce and combat the industry’s traditionally high turnover rate. A good PPP should address all those problems. PPP should have a good measurement for the performance to the people who is eligible to the plan. They should also try to eliminate the factors which can affect installers’ productivity but not under installers’ control. Otherwise, piece rate will let installers feel unsecure. A potential problem with Safelite Glass’ proposed PPP is that installers could be misled to pursue installing quantities over qualities. One can imagine that poorly installed glass can, over time, adversely impact Safelite’s reputation as a quality installer. That, in the long run, will hurt the company/shareholders’ best interest. The cost for the measurement should not be too high. If incentive plan do improve productivity, it can be self-funded in that profit gains or cost savings can be used for bonus payouts. Before and after PPP installation, surveys are good approach to find out employee’s satisfaction to the new plan. Base on the survey results, necessary changes will help establish a better PPP to build up loyalty. A good PPP should incentive better workers to stay. Overall: be smart, as you get what you pay for.

Lord Byron Essay Example for Free

Lord Byron Essay Lord Byron is considered to be one of the most important poet in his time. He was as famous for his personality as he was for his poetry. The way his life affected what he wrote made his poems even better. His works, life, and writing style are what made Lord Byron one of the most important poets of the Romantic Movement. George Gordon Noel Byron (Lord Byron) was born on January 22, 1788 in London, England. His dad, Captain â€Å"Mad Jack† Byron married his mother, Catherine Gordon, for her money. Throughout their marriage he spent away most of her fortune before he died in 1791. When Lord Byron’s father died he was left with nothing. After his father died he seemed to have a long life ahead of him. He had a birth defect that made him walk on his toes for his entire life and his mother was unstable. Lord Byron took out his stress by writing poetry. When he was only eight years old he fell in love. When he turned sixteen years old he was told that the woman he loved was engaged. He became very depressed and felt very ill. In 1798 his granduncle died and Lord Byron inherited his uncles estate. Now that he had some money, he went to Trinity College after spending his time from 1801 to 1805 at Harrow. In 1808, he planned to spend the year with his cousin, George Bettesworth. He was the captain of his own ship and in May of 1808 he died in the Battle of Alvon. So, from 1809 to 1811 Lord Byron spent the years cruising the Mediterranean. The Napoleonic Wars were going on in Europe at this time so he had to avoid most of Europe. During this time Lord Byron’s first book of poetry, Hours of Idleness, was published in 1809. The two-year Mediterranean trip gave him most of the material he wrote about in Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage. These two cantos were the first great successes he had. In 1813 Lord Byron apparently had more than a brother-sister relationship with his half sister Augusta Leigh. She was already the mother of three children. She gave birth to Elizabeth Medora in 1814. Elizabeth was thought by many people to be Lord Byron’s child, but in 1815 he married Anne Isabella Milbanke. They had a child named Ada in the same year, but the marriage did not last and they separated the next year. In 1816 Byron left England when rumors started of his debts. He was never to return back to England in his life. The only virtue they honor in England is hypocrisy, (Liukkonen, Petri) he wrote in a letter to his friend when he left England. He settled in Geneva, where he meant Claire Clairmont. She became his mistress, but at the end of summer he moved again. He spent two years working and writing in Italy. I was struck by his eyes I have never in my life seen anything more beautiful or more expressive, (Liukkonen, Petri) is a quote from a French writer that saw Lord Byron at an opera in Italy. While in Italy he, wrote several poems including Lament of Tasso, Mazeppa, and The Prophecy of Dante. During his stays in Italy he became very interested in drama. He wrote several dramas including The Two Foscari, Sardanapalaus, and many others. In January of 1817, Claire Clairmont gave birth to his daughter Clara Allegra. Lord Byron abandoned his daughter and she died in 1822 with a bad case of typhus fever. In Italy, he risked his life helping a secret group called the Italian Carbonari in 1820 and 1821. In 1824 he decided to take action and move to Greece. He joined a group called the Greek freedom fighters. By this time he was in Missolonghi, Greece. He unfortunately died here on April 19, 1824 of a fever. Lord Byron is the most well known of the famous romantic poets. His poetry had a recurring theme of being romantic. Lord Byron wrote many long romantic poems and some shorter ones in a traditional satirical style of poetry. His poems all varied in their subject matter. A lot of his romantic poems were about the many women he was involved with. An example would be the poem She Walks in Beauty, it is a poem about how beautiful he thought the woman he was in love with was. His poems also were about things he believed in. The poem, The Destruction of Sennacherib, shows that Lord Byron shared his religious views in his poetry. Throughout his travels he went to many places that were inspiration for his poetry. The Lament of Tasso was written when he was in Rome. He visited Tassos cell, which inspired him to right the poem. His vary in types of poetry and subject matter helped his poetry stay popular. Lord Byron’s poetry has many connections with what was going on in his life. He first started writing poetry to release the stress of the birth defect that he was born with. His different kinds of poetry were all connected with his life. He was most known for his romantic poetry. In these poems, he wrote about the relationships he had with woman. The places he travelled also influenced his poetry. His travels in Italy got him into drama and that was result of many of his best poems. How religious he was and how much he cared about what was going on around him showed in his life and in his poetry. He wrote about and it was also the reason he chose to move to Greece to help them rise over their rulers by joining the Greek freedom fighters. The connection between his life and his poetry is what made him as popular as he was. Lord Byron was one of the most famous and talented writers of his time. His life, poetry, and the way they were connected are what made him one of the most famous poets of his time. His poetry was an influence on the writing of other poets in his time and continues to influence poets today.

The Interrelationship Between Theory And Practice Social Work Essay

The Interrelationship Between Theory And Practice Social Work Essay The interrelationship between theory and practice is to analyse the clients strengths based of theory and practise. The important concepts are empowerment and resilience the sources are a big factor in social work because they are the cultural and important stories that are to do with the client. Empowerment can play a big impact on the individual as this can influence their health from their emotions to their beliefs. This is the best way to help the client overcome these certain needs. For example they may need positive thinking and to ignore the negative feedback. (apa psycnet, 1996) Although theory is easy to follow it is also essential to put the theory into practice and to connect with the client. Whereas (lennarto.wordpress.com, 2009) states that the interrelationship between theory and practice is to analyze the issue non-empirically we could proceed in one of the following two ways: either we could hypothetically take one stance and see what follows from that (e.g., say that there is a close relation between theory and practice, how can we account for that and what would be the theoretical as well as practical consequences); or we could make it a normative issue. It is the environmental philosophy there has been a strong suggestion that we should minimize the gap between theory and practice. Shifting the focus from value theoretical issues towards practical real-world why do we need theory in the first place? These issues could be widely extended This is a demonstration of understanding the use of theoretical paradigms in social work. A paradigm is a group of collective ideas it is a set  of systems which  is based on a topic or theme (dictionary, 2012). For this topic I will write about Banduras theory behaviourism as a paradigm. Banduras theory is related to the bobo doll that the children wont know how to react towards things until they see how their role model acts and then they will take on this behaviour. (experiment resources, 2012) As a social worker and you help the case before it gets out of hand this is changing the behaviour they have modelled to prevent other people wont pick up this type of behaviour. Banduras paradigm can be used in social work because it relates to peoples behaviour. This is important to understand because if a client comes into see you, you need to understand that the client does have history of being violent and with knowing this paradigm you will know what questions to ask to what causes this behaviour. Changing the behaviour to what is considered to be the social norms. Bandura then considered that the personality has relations between three modules: the environment such as where the person lives, behaviour through aggression and the psychological development which is the a bility to divert images in the mind and through language. (learning theories, 2012) As a social worker you have to have an excellent understanding of how practise shapes theory and theory shapes practice. A Theory is a day to day basis to show us how to use practise works effectively. Theory that is evidenced based can impact the theory drastically every day. Through theory you can get the best outstanding models to use in the felid of social work from Te whare tapa wha to code of ethics that are used in practise. (How does theory shape practice in social work, 2010) Te whare tapa wha is a method that is used in social work that illustrates the four walls of MÄ ori well- being. The four walls are Taha wairua (spiritual), Taha tinana (physical), Taha hinengaro (mental) and Taha whaanau (family health). (health, 2012)The use of this method is to write down questions in each section to ask your client when they come to see you. Theory shapes practice because theory is a guideline of what the social worker needs follow in order to understand the client. When the social worker is having a session with the client this is the basic needs the social worker will need to know about the client in order to have a successful conversation about what is happening currently with the client. This is where Te whare tapa wha will come in place. This gives the social worker the opportunity to ask the client the questions that they have previously written down according to the notes they had previously received. For instance if the client was a violent person and preformed violent actions towards an object or human, a question under mental health could be tell me why you feel angry and what kind of thoughts do you have when you feel angry?. A series of questions can be asked in order to get the right amount of information out of the client in order to help the client recover. They could feel that they have to be violent because thats what their parents had shown them when they were younger. With this in mind you are able to relate to the client and understa nd where they are coming from. The Reflection cycle is important because this is what helps get the client on the right track with what they are trying to succeed. This area there are 6 elements to this areas these are Description (to explain what has happened?), feelings (how the client is feeling and what their thoughts are?), Evaluation (What are the good points and bad points about what is happening?), Analysis (What can you tell me about this situation?), Conclusion (what else do you think you could have done) and finally the Action plan (what would you do if it was to happen again?). (brookes.ac.uk, 1998) This is a good strategy to help a client reach their goals. Each time a social has a meeting with the client the strategies have to be different but still following the format and then the cycle is to start all over again. This is a good way for the client to tell the social worker about what has been going on in their life and in their environment. With the social worker kno wing these answers it then give the social worker the appropriate time to ask the client any questions to go further in depth for why they might need your help. You may then need to ask the client about what is going on and how the situation can make the client feel. Another view is that if the client was violent you would be able to trace back to when this first happened and strategize a way with the client of how they can fix this habit in their own way and own pace. Another form of reflection is the Layers of reflection. These contain: The Reflection-on-experience which is to reflect after the event/ situation has taken place and understanding what has happened in a positive manor. Reflection-in-action to understand the experience and take the information gained towards new goals. Reflection-within-the-moment becomes aware with what is going on with the thinking and understanding of the situation and to respond in discussion. And finally Mindful practice is aware with what is happening throughout practice. (Becoming Reflective, 2004) This is also a good model for a social worker to follow to get a full understanding of their client and also the client will be able to see the progress they are making for extra encouragement if they feel that they are close to giving up. Conclusion: In conclusion I will have explained and demonstrated my knowledge of the relationships between social work and theory and how the theory and practise link together. I then explained what theoretical paradigms and how Banduras behaviourism fits into place with the paradigm and social work theory. And finally I would have linked behaviourism into Te whare tapa wha in the areas of has practise influences theory and how theory influences practise in a clear pattern with examples of reflective is important in social work theory.

Boston Ballet Refuses to Fall :: Dance Dancing Papers

Boston Ballet Refuses to Fall What happens when a ballet company’s classic Christmas tradition is unwrapped, discarded, and replaced with a glitzy and glamorous moneymaking expenditure? Many dance enthusiasts are left with this lingering question as The Boston Ballet struggles with a recent announcement from the Wang Theatre, its lifelong performance home, that next year’s production of the Nutcracker is being replaced by a touring show of the infamous Radio City Rockettes. "Im pretty certain this decision was driven by money, which draws the question in everyone’s minds: Which is more important, tradition or money?† said Andrew Kaminski. Kaminski is a Boston Ballet II member and performs in the corp de ballet with the company. He joined this apprentice position in August of 2003 and thinks Mikko Nissinen, the Boston Ballet’s new artistic director, is doing great things for the company. " I really like the direction we are headed in but unfortunately Mikko has been dealt some unfair dealings. I am just grateful the company has been so open with us about everything,† Kaminski said. According to Kaminski, the company was informed of what was happening with the Wang Theatre at the end of October. During this time, a company meeting was held and a Boston Ballet Memo was distributed to the dancers from Valerie Wilder, the Executive Director of the Boston Ballet. â€Å"Basically the Wang informed us they had signed a note of intent with Radio City. We were immediately notified after this. We were told the Wang wanted to bring in the Rockettes for monetary reasons. Touring companies are more profitable. The Wang can charge them more plus the tickets are more expensive,† Kaminski said. The memo to the company included general facts about the Nutcracker’s current situation and its history. It also had a section titled, â€Å"Further Talking Points,† which expressed the company’s opinions on the situation. â€Å"In choosing to align itself with a touring production, the Wang Center is undermining a 35- year-old tradition and the work of a resident ensemble with year- round presence in the community. The Wang has thus placed commercial interests over cultural purpose, which is inconsistent with its mission as a not-for-profit,† the memo stated. The Boston Ballet Company is a non-profit organization, which hosts a dance school that trains young children through adults and a renowned ballet company that has artistically entertained the city since 1965. On their IRS form 990 filing, the company stated their objectives for the fiscal year beginning November 1, 2003.

A Womans Role :: essays papers

A Womans Role According to Judeo-Christian tradition, divine edict clearly relegates women to a position of subservience beneath men, as expressed in the Genesis creation account. This idea of female servility has dominated Western culture for thousands of years with virtually no significant changes; only in the past several decades has the notion of male dominance lost wide-spread acceptance in America. Prior to this cultural shift, American ideology mandated that women dutifully obey their husbands and confine themselves to managing the home and raising children, thus depriving them of any power beyond the sphere of the home and rendering them dependent on their husbands. This mentality is especially apparent in the movie, The Sound of Music. In The Sound of Music, female characters are portrayed to be highly dependent upon men, a central aspect of the "traditional" woman's role. This is initially shown in the scene where Ralph and Liesl are singing and dancing in the gazebo. Liesl sings that she is "scared to face a world of men" and would like to depend on Ralph in order to alleviate her fear. Ralph acknowledges and accepts her submission, telling Liesl that since he is "older and wiser" he will take care of her. Liesl offers to submit herself to Ralph in accordance with her preconceived notion of male-female relationships, thus fulfilling her yearning of security in social normalcy. She is willing to become dependent upon Ralph and cross the threshold into traditional womanhood. Although she may wear a mask of independence, Maria also fills the role of the traditional woman. Independence can be measured by the amount of control one has over her own life, and, if Maria's control over herself is analyzed, it is clear that she lacks independence. Initially, Maria appears to be independent when she ignores the Captain's prescriptions for stern child raising and defies his direct orders by making the children "play clothes". When Maria is reprimanded for her actions, she stands up to the Captain, criticizing the way he raises his children. Through these actions, Maria seems to deviate from stereotypical feminine behavior by challenging the Captain's authority, however, upon closer examination, such is not the case. The children are traditionally the woman's responsibility and are a matter over which she is supposed to have control.

Decision Making Condition & Example Essay

1.1 Introduction Decision Making is very important thing that we do in everyday lives. According to Harris, R (2010), decision making is the study of identifying and choosing alternatives based on the values and preferences of the decision maker and making a decision implies that there are alternative choices to be considered. In addition, we are not on to identify as many of those alternatives as possible but to choose the one that has the highest probability of effectiveness. Just as there are different types of decision, there are also different approaches to decision making that are appropriate in different situation. Some decisions are made logical and rational thinking, while others are made using experience and sometimes based on the performance of a practiced skill. Decision making also can be described as the act of choosing one alternative from among a set of alternatives available. The decision making process includes recognizing and defining the nature of a decision situation, identifying alternatives, choosing the best alternative, and putting it into practice. In the decision making environment, there are three categories that is decision in certain condition, in uncertain condition and also in risky condition. The certain condition in making decision is where we have confidence and belief to get the best outcome in a single answer. The decisions maker also have to gain the comprehensive information regarding the situation occur in order to assist in his/her decision making. Meanwhile, uncertain condition in making decision is when the decision maker does not have knowledge of information where it is impossible to accurately describe for future outcome, more than one possible outcome. The decision maker also needs to have a high tendency towards risks to make the decision. Risky condition in making condition is where the decision maker has very limited of information and as a result, it is hard for them to predict the outcome. This risky condition can only be assumed based on information provided and probability that situation will occur and whether the situation really happen or otherwise cannot be completely ascertained as suggested by Shahrul A.A. et al (2011). He also said that decision maker or manager has limited information to assist in making the decision in risky condition even though the information obtains is not complete. In this topic, we will analyze the three conditions in decision making environment, examples for each category and also conclusion for the topic. 2.0 Decision Making in Certain Condition Decision making in certain condition implies that we know with 100 percent accuracy what the states of nature will be and what the expected payoffs will be for each state of nature. Harold. K(2009). He also believed that decision making under certainty is the easiest case to work with because with certainty, decision maker assume that all of the necessary information is available to assist them in making the right decision, and their can predict the outcome with a high level of confidence. This condition is ideal for problem solving and it is simply to study the alternatives and choose the best solution. Decision making in certain condition also occur when we know all information about alternatives and the best chosen one is the most effective. Meanwhile, Dr. John Bukowski (2012), believed that one method we can use to help decide is the cut-off screening method. Here, the decision maker predetermines a cut-off for each criterion. Then, the decision maker goes through each criterion and eliminates any choices that don’t meet the cutoff. If more than one choice remains, the decision maker could consider additional criteria or restrict the cutoffs. If all choices have been eliminated, the decision maker can relax the cutoffs. 2.1 Example of Decision Making in Certain Condition There are several examples using the certainty condition in different kind of situation. One of the example, is during making a choice of transportation from point A to a point B. Transportation ABC can take the person from point A to a point B in 10 minutes with the amount of RM 2.00. While transportation XYZ can take the person in 15 minutes with the same amount. With having limited time and money, and using the information completely given, the rational decision maker is able to know the best choice of transportation that he/she have to use to get to the destination, that is transportation ABC. In this situation, the decision maker can make the decision easily without any other probability of deciding for other option. 2.2 Second Example of Decision Making in Certain Condition Another example of making decision in certain condition is buying a new house. Mr. Ali is working at the city but he is currently living in flat house and his house located quite a distance from his workplace. Mr Ali getting promoted to the senior level, thus, he is thinking to buy a new house. His budget is RM 300,000 and he is looking for a house near at his workplace. House option A provides a bungalow house that near to the workplace, but the price is higher than his expectation that is RM 500,000. Meanwhile option B provides a new double-storey house also near to his workplace but with a less amount that is 280,000. From the information, Mr. Ali can make a decision using his budget limitation and also time saving going to work daily, the best option for Mr. Ali is Option B. 2.3 Third Example of Decision Making in Certain Condition The next decision making is on certainty is buying a car. Mr. Edward have his own family with 3 kids. Currently, Mr. Edward want to upgrade his car from his compact car into MPV size and is willing to pay not more than RM85,000 for the new car. There are several car manufacturers that selling the MPV Segment that is Proton Exora that cost RM 80,000 with value for money, good re-sell value and good maintenance. While Nissan Grand Livina will cost RM 90,000 and Toyota Wish will cost him RM 130,000. Using this information, Mr Edward have sufficient information to decide which one is the best option in term of value for money, maintenance, quality, insurance, and also re-sell value. Using this complete information, and the decision that based on facts, opinions and reasonable info, the best option for Mr Edward is Proton Exora. 2.4 Fourth Example of Decision Making in Certain Condition Mr. Gopal are trying to decide between three used cars, all of which are priced the same. If he want to buy used car number one, there is a 70 percent probability that he will have to spend RM400 to get the engine back in shape. However, there is a 30 percent probability that the engine will have to be replaced, which will cost him RM2, 000. If he chooses car number 2, there is a 50 percent probability that he won’t have to spend any money at all, a 30 percent probability that radiator repairs will cost only RM450, but there is a 20 percent chance that the car will require a new set of radiator that will cost him RM 1,500. If he choose car number three, he will face a 60 percent probability of an RM200 transmission repair, a 35 percent probability of a small transmission adjustment, and a 5 percent possibility that he will need to spend RM500 to fix the engine and the transmission. After considering information that he have and the cost for repairing of each used car, the best buy for him is the used car number 3. 3.0 Decision Making in Uncertain Condition A decision making in uncertain condition is when there are many unknowns and no possibility of knowing what could occur in the future to alter the outcome of a decision. It is also when the information received by decision maker is so poor that he/she cannot even assign probabilities to the likely outcomes of alternatives, thus making it an uncertain condition. Decision making under conditions of uncertainty is also an everyday task. When we decide whether or not to go out without bring the umbrella fearing it will rain, when deciding on whether or not to wear a helmet for cycling on the street or when deciding whether to take the bus or bus to work, the decision maker have to make a decision that involves outcomes that are in uncertain condition. According to Martin T. Schultz et al (2010), uncertainty can be classified either as input uncertainty or model uncertainty. Input uncertainty arises from a lack of knowledge about the true value of quantities used in analyzing a decision. In practice, model uncertainties are much more difficult to deal with than input uncertainties because they require the analyst to propose and evaluate competing models (Casman et al. 1999). 3.1 Example of Decision Making in Uncertain Condition Ahmad runs a small company that manufacture low-cost ergonomic stool and he sold via the Internet. His company has several popular models, each with annual sales of RM100,000 to RM150,000. He has an opportunity to invest in a new technology of manufacturing stool. Ahmad knows that a new technology will cost RM220,000 and is unsure whether there will be sufficient demand for the stool to cover this large investment. If the market is good, he thinks he can sell 4,000 chairs at a profit of RM100 each, generating a cash flow with present value of RM400,000. On the other hand, if the market is poor, he thinks he might sell only 1,000 chairs, generating a cash flow with present value of RM100,000. In this situation, ahmad does not have any information to help him decide and it is hard for him to make a decision from each probability that he made. Therefore he must use his rational and his business experience to make a best choice in order not to make his company loss in profit. Ahmad needs some skills and methods to make decisions under uncertainty. He needs techniques that match the limited time and money budgets of his small company. Therefore, this situation on decision making, he will try to have higher propensity and more practical level for the small business. 3.2 Second Example of Decision Making in Uncertain Condition Hassan, who is recently retired, has the opportunity to pursue his lifelong dream of operating a charter fishing business on the Langkawi Island with his retire savings of RM 50,000. Hassan has located a used charter fishing boat that he can purchase for RM 40,000. He realizes that this is a risky investment with many uncertainties, but he must reach a decision on whether or not to buy this boat by the end of the month. If he does not operate a charter fishing business, he will leave the money in an existing investment that is guaranteed to yield a 5% annual return. Hassan’s decision has been framed as a choice between a charter boat investment and an alternative investment. If the profits from his charter boat investment would exceed the returns from the alternative investment, he will invest in the charter boat. In this example, Hassan has applied the passive approach to adaptive management because the information he uses to update his decision is not obtained. Although the information is not obtained as part of the decision-making process, he used past experience and information to make the decision. According to Dr. Hossein, A.(2001), Business decision making is almost always accompanied by conditions of uncertainty. Clearly, the more information the decision maker has, the better the decision will be. Treating decisions as if they were gambles is the basis of decision theory. This means that we have to trade off the value of a certain outcome against its probability. 3.3 Third Example Decision Making in Uncertain Condition Another example is when analyze the weather patterns in the city ABC, forecasted by meteorological department. Sometimes the data provided by meteorological department is not always accurate to the people thus involved uncertainty condition. The most common weather that usually occurs was high winds, heavy rain, and lightning storm. For example they are predict City ABC will get a storm and heavy rain at night and as a result one of the live concert will be held at night do not know whether to cancel the show or go on due to the forecast. In this situation, people will understand that forecasts involve uncertainty with the future weather forecast because when they do not enough information, they have to estimate on their own and in this uncertainty, people have only a rely data base, they do not know whether or not the data are reliable, and they are very unsure about whether or not situation may change. According to Keltie, Denise.(2007), they used both rules and tools to deal with the uncertainty created by weather conditions and in terms of rules, they often relied upon heuristic strategies (cognitive rules of thumb) to help with decision making. 3.4 Fourth Example Decision Making in Uncertain Condition A local film producer has a developed a script and it is starting to cast the movie. The budget allows for the film is RM 50,000 for the male lead actor and RM 30,000 for the female lead actor. There are three actors that may be suitable for the male lead, and just two female actors that may fit the part of the leading lady. How does the producer decide on the individual actors and on the combination of two actors? According to Sharaf N. R.(2012), he suggested that in areas such as movie business, book publishing, and television programming, decisions are often reached on intuition, hunches, opportunities, and the pressure that a decision has to be made by a certain date. He also said, in the absence of time, relevant data, and funds, the decision makers rely on their intuition, gut feelings, and experience. In such situations, common sense suggests that an experienced person is more likely to make a better decision than an inexperienced person is. 4.0 Decision Making in Risky Condition In a risky situation, factual information may exist, but it may not complete. Rowe, W (1988) believed that whenever the decision maker has some knowledge regarding the state of nature, he/she may be able to assign subjective probability estimates for the occurrence of each state and in such cases, the problem is classified as decision making under risk. Shahrul A.A (2011) suggested that the decision maker will not know for sure the situations that will occur in the future and minimal information will only give some insight in predicting what will occur. He also said, whether the situation really will happen or otherwise, cannot be completely ascertained. The situation in risky condition usually related to management that has to deal with the market, insurance and investment. With limited resources and information, it becomes clear how important to make the right decision to avoid any losses or damage for decision maker. According to Geoffrey, C and Thomas, W. (1999), in risky condition, decision maker must assign a probability to each State of Nature and in some cases, research will reveal historical relative frequency information that we might conclude reveals the underlying probabilities. 4.1 Example of Decision Making in Risky Condition One example of risky decision can be seen in car running system. Car used to have simple ignition systems, with a distributor driven from the engine, the accelerator was a linkage from the pedal to the old system of carburetor. If the car was not running right, or there was another problem, it was simple to monitor and repair. Today’s car ignition systems are computer controlled with many sensors and actuators, the linkage from the gas pedal has been replaced with a computer, and the carburetor has been replaced by a fuel injection module. If something goes wrong, we can read out a manual code and try to determine which of the components and interconnections for each of the problem. The car running system is an example of the need for a more formal approach to risk based decision making and also risk management in car design and technology. 4.2 Second Example of Decision Making in Risky Condition Another example of a decision made under risky condition might be in the following situation, A manager in a supplier department decides to spend RM1,000 on a magazine ad believing there are three possible outcomes for the advertisement to have influence in their sales. A 25 percent chance the advertisement will have only a small effect on sales, a 55 percent chance of a moderate effect, and a 20 percent chance of a very large effect. This decision is made under risk because the manager can list each potential outcome and determine the probability of each outcome occurring. 4.3 Third Example of Decision Making in Risky Condition The following situation is in hypermarket department store. Their monthly sales statement for every month is increase. Thus, their manager is able to assume that the company will obtain net profit this year after making losses last year. Without obtaining other information such as operational cost, change of taste in consumers and environment influence, they can only assume that the company will obtain a profit based on the sales trend for the past few months. Therefore, state that the probability that the company will obtain profits is 60% and the probability that the company will make losses is 40%. With this, the manager will make a decision to increase investment. Here, the manager made a decision in a risky condition that is, it is not known whether the company will really be making a profit or otherwise. 4.4 Fourth Example of Decision Making in Risky Condition An example of a decision made under risky condition would be, for a manager of a medical research company, the decision of whether to spend RM 10 million on the research and development of a new technology on surgery equipment. The profits from the research and development spending will depend on whether the government will imposes new plan for the price regulations on new technology in the medical industry. Thus, on this condition, the manager must take the risk whether to carry on with the plan or cancel for the research. The two states of nature facing the manager in this problem are, 45 percent the government will impose price regulations or 55 percent the government will not impose price regulations for the new technology. While the manager have the limited information with the profits that will occur under either state of nature, the manager has risky condition of the probability that price regulations will be imposed on new technology. Under such conditions, a decision is made under risky condition. 5.0 Conclusion The decision making is an everyday task for us. We make decision making in environment using three kind conditions in everyday of our life, whether when we should use the car to go work, when we buying a new house, make a investment, expand our business, travelling and more. There is a lot of possibility and choice that we have to decide using these three conditions that is certain condition, uncertain and risky condition. We have to decide using the information and experience because good decision making requires not only knowing the facts, but also understanding the limits of knowledge. If we don’t have good understanding, experience and knowledge in decision making, we might ended in losing profits in our investment, regrets in purchasing a new car or house and even loss in our business. 6.0 References : Casman, E.A., M. G. Morgan, and H. Dowlatabadi. (1999). Mixed levels of uncertainty in complex policy models, Risk Analysis 19(1):33-42. [3 November 2012] Daniel Straub, Isabell Welpe. (2011). Decision-making under risk: a normative and behavioral perspective. Geoffrey Churchill, Thomas Whalen. (1999). Robinson College of Business Georgia State University: Decisions under Uncertainty. Retrieve at http://www2.gsu.edu/~dscthw/8350/decis-w.pdf [16 November 2012] Harris, R. (2010, November 22). Evaluating Internet Research Sources. Retrieved from http://www.virtualsalt.com/evalu8it.htm [6 November 2012] Harold Kerzner. (2009). Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling, Tenth Edition. John Wiley & Sons Publisher. [5 November 2012] Hossein Arsham . (2001).Tools for Decision Analysis:Analysis of Risky Decisions. Retrieve at http://home.ubalt.edu/ntsbarsh/opre640a/partix.htm [11 November 2012] John F. Bukawski. (2012). Quantitative Reasoning, by Alicia Sevilla and Kay Somers, ISBN 1-931914-90-7 . Retrieved at http://jcsites.juniata.edu/faculty/bukowski/ma103/topic11.htm [4 November 2012] Keltie, Denise. (2007). Ski Operations Managers’ Decision Making Under Uncertainty: Management Decision Making. [6 November2012] Kiker G.A. et al. (2005). Application of Multicriteria Decision Analysis in Environmental Decision Making. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 1(2), pp. 95–108.[4 November 201] Martin T. Schultz, Kenneth N. Mitchell, Brian K. Harper, Todd S. Bridges. (2010). Decision Making Under Uncertainty: U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center. [5 November 2012] Rowe, W. (1988). An Anatomy of Risk. R.E. Krieger Publishing Company [10 November 2012] Shahrul Aman Ahmad. et al. (2011). Principles of Management BBPP1103. V. Nov 2011. OUM. [2 Nov 2012] Sharaf N. Rehman.(2012). Decision-making Under Conditions of Uncertainty: The American Association of Behavioral and Social Sciences Journal.(The AABSS Journal, 2012, Volume 16).[5 November 2012]

Queer Culture in Southeast Asia

When discussing queer culture In modern times, It is automatically classified as a western Idea. Queer Identities and queer struggles are associated with whiteness, as a white concept. This is one of the many causes of colonization, and how in some way it erased the history of oppressed communities. However, pre-colonization history indicates that queer culture had been developed within ancient civilizations. If we look at ancient civilizations in Latin America, societies had a different ideology of what ender was, and were open to the idea of same-sex Interactions.It Is no different of Southeast Asia. As we examine several cultures we see that queer culture has a historical context within marginalia communities. The Business people are an ethnic group of South Usualness, which is a providence in Indonesia. Their origins trace back to 2500 BCC as being ancestors to people with an Stationeries background. Gender, for this ethnic group, is seen as fluid. There are five genders within t his ethnic group: male, female, Calais, Calais and Bissau. The Business people, like other ethnic groups, believed that male-female Identities helped with the structure of the universe.Thus, ritual specialist exalted androgynous characteristics in order to communicate with spirits. The Bissau, an example of ritual specialist with androgynous characteristics, have the main purpose to give blessings to people, since it is believed that they are possessed by spirits. This ethnic group believes that the Bissau came to be when Bator Guru was sent down to create life in the planet. However, since he was not the best at organizing, so two issue were sent down to help Bator Guru create a culture that would blossom. In this sense. The Business people acknowledge that this culture was created, by two gender non-conforming aides.The Bissau influenced, is also connected to the modern- day Wars of Indonesia. Part of the connection between the Wars and the Bissau is that they are completely diffe rent from Western concepts of transgender culture. Even though I was unable to find much history of the Wars, due to geographical location, It makes sense that a connection does exist between the Wars and the Bliss. Bator Guru, a deity In several Indonesian mythologies, Is a Hindu God. This means that this notion of gender fluidity goes back to Hinduism. However, it Is soul extremely difficult to find any history of queer culture before colonization.Third-gender identities are now more evident in modern day and post-colonial times. The Philippines are an example of this, but as mentioned before, to find much history of when they came to be Is an extremely difficult task. Malaysia, and the Make Young Is another example of queer culture Is Southeast Asia. This form of traumatized once Is believed to be almost 1000 years old. Now a days, It Is Just seen as any other regular performance, and its roots from queer culture have been neglected, but it's known that the Make Young and other c ommunities in Malaysia were mainly made up of gender fluid and queer members.There's history of queer relationships in the Han Dynasty and Chou Dynasty. Emperor Ai (27 BCC-I CE) and Duke Ling of Wee (534 BCC- 403 BCC), respectively, are example of these cultures. Even though we find these forms of relationships In Ancient South Salsa and East Asia, Southeast Salsa is still hat colonized settlements had been exposed to their own queer culture and queer identities, neglects and oppresses people from those ethnic back grounds, and formulates this idea that within the LIGHT+ community, brown bodies are being saved by colonization, from their â€Å"homophobic† cultures.When thinking of modern day queer culture, and how it intersects with race, I personally think that it's important to be critical of the history of pre-colonization. Queer identities have been around for years, and they do not belong to western cultures, as we have been taught to believe.

South African Economy

From the days of Apartheid, to the times of today, South Africa has relied on foreign capital inflow for the purpose of sustaining high levels of growth through investment in the various sectors of the country. This great reliance on foreign investment has made South Africa vulnerable to fluctuations in the exchange rate and other global conditions. This essay will discuss the extent to which South Africa is reliant on foreign capital, reasons why this is so and the nature of these inflows.Exchange rate issues will also be discussed, with detail of how South Africa combated these issues in the various years that they arouse. Finally, methods on how South Africa can reduce its vulnerability to such fluctuations will be made apparent. South Africa’s reliance on foreign capital inflow After the end of The Apartheid era and the abolishment of all laws that were associated with the era, the various international sanctions and bands that were put on South Africa were lifted. This al lowed numerous countries to begin investing in South Africa.These foreign capital inflows were greatly needed by the South African economy as the new government had the following economic goals: â€Å"Attract foreign capital, reduce the large role of government as government owns half the countries fixed capital assets and facilitate gradual restructuring of industry along globally competitive lines† (Germishuis, 1999: 2). The two latter goals could only be achieved through proper financing for the government. During the 1994 era, domestically raised capital could not be used for the financing of local investment initiatives that promote economic growth.As Mohr (2003: 2) states, â€Å"Between January 1990 and June 1994, there was a steady net outflow of capital not related to reserves of almost R27 billion, partly as a result of repayments of foreign debt emanating from the 1985 debt standstill arrangement†. This effectively meant that South Africa had very little fund s available for boosting the investment industry which in turn helps with the sustainability of high levels of economic growth. Due to these foreign debt payments by domestic funds, South Africa heavily relies on foreign capital inflows for high levels of investment.Since the government was obviously aware of this situation, various policies and acts were put into action to attract foreign investment. â€Å"In 1997, South Africa managed to attract a net capital inflow of $3. 58 billion (3. 4 percent of GDP), more than seven times the $478 million invested in 1996. The inflow was predominantly long-term private capital, moving into stock and bond markets†(Germishuim, 1999: 1). Though the government was successful in attracting foreign capital inflows, a decrease in the domestic interest rate is eminent when capital inflows are high. From 1994 to 1999, net capital inflows in South Africa were on a steady rise for 3% of GDP in 1994 to a staggering 6. 5% of GDP in 1999† (Mo hamed, 2004: 28). Between 2000 and 2002, capital inflows fell to -2% of GDP. This was due to South Africa currency crisis in 2001 that led to high levels of capital flight in the country. After the new millennium, capital inflows in South Africa began to steadily rise and are now ranging between 4 and 7% of GDP. Exchange rate crisis of 1998 In 1997, East Asia experienced an exchange rate crisis. It is said that these countries were victims of their own success. Their very success led foreign investors to underestimate their underlying economic weaknesses†(IMF, 1998: 1). Because of large capital inflows that these economies enjoyed, there was increased demand for policies that protect the financial sector and institutions struggled to keep up with the demand. Since Asia is probably the largest exporter of goods in the world, a financial crisis in that region will evidently cause a ripple effect that will cause a global financial crisis. This Asia crisis added to what South Afri ca would have experienced the following year.In 1998, the South African currency dwelled into great depreciation. Causes of this crisis include: * Commodity prices * After the Asian financial crisis, the global demand for commodities had weakened, putting downward pressure on market prices of SA commodities. This meant a flight to safer havens such as United States commodities occurred. * Foreign Exchange Market intervention * In 1998 and 1996 as well, the South African Reserve Bank had heavily intervened in the foreign exchange market. These ventures resulted in net losses of $10 billion (8% GDP) and $14 billion (10% GDP) respectively.The capital for these ventures was acquired in the forward market, thus compromising SARB’s Net Open Forward position. * Mboweni Bump * 1998 saw the end term for the Governor of the Reserve Bank. The potential that Tito Mboweni might have left the position created doubt for South Africa and the Rand. (Saayman, 2007:1) To try and counter this cu rrency depreciation, the Reserve Bank believed that this depreciation was a temporary reaction to rumours of divisions within the government so they sold off massive amount of its foreign reserves (Diamond, Manning, Vasquez and Whitaker, 2003: 2).The Asia crisis, coupled by SA’s own currency issues led the exchange rate crisis. â€Å"The authorities reacted by intervention in reserves and then through raising of interest rates to stimulate growth. The policies implemented in 1998 did not solve the crisis but merely slowed down the process and created a false image. Yes the country did benefit through an increase in investment due to higher interest rates but paid the cost when the country was hit by another exchange rate crisis in 2001.The economy had to deal with the costs of increased debt, decreased capital inflows, which retards growth in the country. Exchange rate crisis of 2001 The Rand depreciated by 26% in nominal terms against the dollar in 2001 between September an d December. It is suggested that, â€Å"there was an acceleration in money growth in the summer of 2001, suggesting that the depreciation may have been a case of exchange rate overshooting† (Bhundia and Ricci, 2004: 1). Though this was the case, the South African Reserve Bank did not intervene or raise interest rates this time around (as was the case in 1998).Bhundia and Ricci (2004: 7-11) identify the following as probable cause of the 2001 financial crisis: * Delays in privatising Telkom * The SA government had announced that the privatisation of Telkom will happen in 2001 but this did not happen due to weakening global stock markets. This had a negative effect as it created doubt within the financial market of SA’s commitment to economic reform. * South African Reserve Bank’s Net open forward book * â€Å"The SARB’s forward book contained large short term liabilities.These low reserve adequacies have been found to increase the probability of exchange rate pressure (Bhundia and Ricci ,2004: 7). The forward book received from the Apartheid government was rather large and despite repayments made, the book remained huge. * Tightening of existing capital controls * The South African Reserve Bank announced on the 14th October 2001 that there would be a tightening of exchange rate controls. It was argued that, â€Å"this announcement reduced market liquidity and thereby contributed to the sharp rand depreciation† (Bhundia and Ricci, 2004: 8).Though market data cannot confirm this for sure, these actions and the time they were taken have an effect on the crisis of the time In 2001, the SA government and SARB decided to act differently than it did in 1998. The increase in interest rates of 1998 had limited effects on reducing depreciation and was seen to be costly for growth and investment. South Africa was less likely to be affected by fluctuations in the exchange rate as it did not hold large foreign currency.The South African g overnment decided not to intervene in interest rate percentages and reserve ratios. â€Å"The South African government have admitted that the 1998 intervention policy was inappropriate. When 2001 arrived, the intervention policy of 1998 was not used and that showed to be a very successful strategy as the macroeconomic reactions of the crisis were very few and over the next few years, the rand strengthened†(Bhundia and Ricci , 2004: 17). There was a large improvement in macroeconomic framework (policy), which made policy credibility stronger.The forward book that was utilised in 1998 was also abolished. â€Å"Also, the adoption of an inflation- targeting framework successfully provided a more credible nominal anchor for exchange rate expectations† (Bhundia and Ricci, 2004: 18). So effectively, the policy reactions of 2001 were more successful. Reduction of SA’s vulnerability to external shock SA is the economic powerhouse in Africa and hence needs measures that h elp reduce the effects of external shocks such as global financial crises.For this reduction to occur, certain conditions such as, â€Å"peace and security, quality institutions, infrastructure and support for the private sector must be in place† (UNECA, 2010: 11). With the above in place, South Africa should try and implement the following: * Provide sufficient policy space, so that policymakers can handle the shocks that are externally generated. * Improve the mobilization of domestic resources and encourage regional integration * Strengthen neighbouring country relations and cooperation * Increase private capital inflows Open new and improve existing markets * Heighten social safety nets that will minimise shocks effect on the poor * Investment in labour-intensive employment-focused public investment programmes that promote private sector growth. * Decrease the amount of debt owed The above mentioned points need to be encoded into policies that can be properly implemented by the government of South Africa and the South African Reserve Bank so as to reduce the vulnerability that SA has when it comes to external shocks. This objective has been achieved by South African economic policies.Monetary policies have been used to contain inflationary pressures and financial policies for the strengthening of public finance that will allow exchange rates that are competitive. In the February of 2000, an inflation targeting strategy was adopted that helped to regulate monetary growth within the economy. These policies have encouraged international competitiveness and assisted in the reduction of the current account deficit of 1999 (0. 4% of GDP), to 0. 3% of GDP in 2000 (IMF, 2001: 1). In 2006, real Gross domestic product grew by 5% and continued to grow into early 2007.During the start of the new millennium, the SARB publically announced that it would have a foreign market intervention policy that was used solely for boosting reserves. This new approach was succ essful because by 2007 May, gross reserves had reached $27,9 billion (IMF, 2007: 1). This shows that South Africa has been successful economic policies in place: policies that will combat external shock. A United Nations report places South Africa as one of the six oil importing nations that withstood the effects of the global financial crisis of 2008-2009.This was done through implementation of stimulus packages and affective countercyclical fiscal and monetary policies that encouraged expenditure on services and infrastructure (UNECA, 2010, 8). Conclusion The new South African government had to take the mess of the past and turn it into the message of the future. A message that says that anything is possible; all that is needed are the correct tools, used in the correct scenarios. With the various monetary and fiscal policies put into play in South Africa, I have no doubt that we are ready for the next global financial crisis.

What Is Prp Health And Social Care Essay

For the past 30 old ages their have been specializers of all natures associating to athleticss public presentation every bit good as athleticss rehabilitation with whatever valuable resorts there were out at that place. We are merely get downing to farther survey these rules for bettering musculus, bone and tendon harm. The usage of autlogious and recombinant signifiers likewise are going an indispensable tool in handling more extended and never-say-die focussing on the use of growing factors and maximising protein secernment to advance healing of the bone and tissue on a cellular spectrum. What should be expected is that a choice few may venture into the research involved behind this comparatively new survey may see a steady slope of involvement on Platelet Rich Plasma and by merchandises every bit good as be the first to acknowledge the effects in hospital scenes, surgery centres, into outpatient, even into doctors ‘ offices such as Orthopedic clinics and more specifically Sp orts Medicine associations. A concentration of autologous thrombocytes contains thrombocyte rich plasma and releases into the affected are superficially through a procedure called ( degranulation ) at least seven different growing factors help excite bone besides used in soft tissue mending. This is done by shooting the organic structure with whole blood a procedure known as autologous blood injection ( ABI ) . and of import beginnings for our wellness for medical usage including wound mending while undergoing surgery, a really abundant symptom known as tendinitis, cardiac attention, gristle fix, spinal surgery, and dental wellness every bit good. PRP stimulates the foundations for fix and completes the rhythm of revascularization developed by a connective tissue base, so a food platform made up of epithelial cells can get down to migrate to the affected country. After lesions form from surgery, epithelial coverings of open tissue and connective tissue, the development of corium are the basic mechanism that reduces marking and provides a the maximal procedure of regeneration in normal skin pigmentation so that station operative fix will be accepted more cosmetically friendly. And for bone fix platelet-rich plasma ( PRP ) it can be added autogenously to cram or to a mixture for managing during surgery and minimising particulatar migration every bit good as to add increased thrombocytes into the country where a peculiar hurt occurs. In certain instances affecting invasive fix of articulations, sinews, and ligaments, so the new option is to garner blood from the patient which is processed into PRP and so injected into a localised country to with the end of speed uping healing. PRP What Is It? The specialised atoms of PRP are more clearly be understood as thrombocytes that are little mononucleiated atoms in peripheral blood responsible for a figure of proteins, cytokines and other bioactive elements used in modulating and handling lesion healing. A normal thrombocyte counts step in blood scope is 150,000uL ( micro-liters ) to 350,000uL. Plasma is the unstable part of blood assorted with coagulating factors including proteins and ions. A thrombocyte count of 1,000,000uL peers every bit much as 5mL of plasma, which in bend expresses the phenomenon behind the consequences in mending. The cytokines specifically classified as transforming growing factor, platelet-derived growing factor, insulin like growing factor, fibroblast growing factor, cuticular growing factor, vascular endothelial growing factor and endothelial cell growing factor ( Stanford University Medical Center- Anonymous ) . All these cytokines are all seen in biological ratios these bioactive factors contain heavy granules in thrombocytes making the dense coagulating substance needed to trip factors such as histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, Dopastat and adenosine. The phases of lesion healing and major constituents are redness, proliferation and fix. The initial stage given the peculiar type of tissue hurt involves a stimulation of growing factors in the curdling formation. Histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine are used to increase blood flow and more specifically inflammatory cells a better entree site for nearing redness. Adenosine receptors help allow cell adhesions in lesion healing. Platelet rich plasma can merely be made of antiocoagulated blood an add-on of citrate to whole blood to adhere the ionised Ca and suppressing coagulating rush. The existent stairss involve two of import processs where whole blood removed from the patient is spun in a extractor, dividing the cells of the blood. The first centrifugation method is to divide the ruddy and white blood cells from plasma and blood thrombocytes, as the white and ruddy blood cells are much larger than thrombocytes. The 2nd centrifugation is thought to insulate the thrombocytes more successfully and easy able to divide the PRP from thrombocyte hapless plasma ( PPP ) . This microenvironment consequences in chemotaxis of inflammatory cells every bit good as the activation and proliferation of local primogenitor cells. In most instances, fibroblastic cicatrix tissue is formed. In some scenes, nevertheless, such as in a break callosity, these condit ions can besides ease the formation of new bone tissue ( AAOS By Barbara D. Boyan, PhD ; Zvi Schwartz, DMD, PhD ; Thomas E. Patterson, PhD ; and George Muschler, MD ) Existing engineering enables the isolation every bit good as a concentrated value of the patient ‘s ain thrombocytes. PRP readying is non entirely responsible for autogenic osteogenic cells but instead more significantly dependant of the presence of a local osteogenic population. The consequences are an increasing sum of osteoblastic cells and copiousness of matrix synthesis, PRP promotes fibroblastic growing, cicatrix formation every bit good as distinction. Role of Mending PRP is used chiefly for soft tissue hurts including sprains, strains, tendinitis, every bit good as bursitis. One valuable constituent to the handling and proper usage of PRP is the demand for concise ultrasound needle counsel. In order to be able to happen the exact location of the hurt site, a dynamic musculoskeletal ultrasound unit is used. The ultrasound provides a image of the deep tissues within the organic structure in order to place the exact location required to see positive consequences, the patient is prepared with a local anaesthetic by and large lidocane. The patient is so observed for 15-20 proceedingss in order to document immediate response to injection and so will be discharged. Because there may be uncomfortableness experienced the patient is advised to look for any symptoms associating to trouble or swelling at the site of injection for up to one hebdomad, patients are encouraged to frost the injection site, elevate the limb, modify activity or more normally known as R.I.C.E ( remainder, ice, compaction and elevate ) . The administrating specializer using the injection of PRP requires a well-experienced doctor that non merely has a good apprehension and research behind the foundations of this stuff but must besides get the hang the rules involved in successful usage of the ultrasound acerate leaf. Prior to debut of the PRP stuff multiple holes need to be implemented to the injured sinew or Bursa in order to travel frontward with intervention. PRP consequences province that approximately 20 % of the clip intervention may hold to be repeated peculiarly if there is no important betterment over the undermentioned four hebdomads. Surprisingly any anti-inflammatory drugs are recommended to be avoided for the undermentioned four hebdomads of PRP application. Although the process is considered safe, possible side-effects could happen and patient should be cognizant of the followers: †¢ Allergic reaction †¢ Infection †¢ Scar tissue formation †¢ Neurovascular hurt †¢ Calcification at the injection site Contraindications are specific conditions of the patient in which the intervention should non be used because it may conflict with a anterior or bing status. Contraindications for PRP include the undermentioned preexisting conditions: †¢ Presence of a tumour †¢ Metastatic disease †¢ Active Infections †¢ Pregnancy and/or active breastfeeding Treatment on musculuss and sinews ( most common hurts ) By and large the usage in orthopaedic application for PRP is most normally associated with chronic tendinopathies, actue ligament hurts, musculus hurts and bone devolution. Tendons are structures that connect musculuss to the bone. Any hurt or general wear and tear of the sinew causes an inflammatory status called tendinosis which frequently occurs in the cubitus, Achilles sinews, articulatio genus, and shoulder. The chronic tendinopathy intervention will be a common intervention for sidelong epicondylitis who have had unsuccessful interventions including physical therapy and Cortone Acetate injections. The terminal end is to obtain full scope of gesture working at the same time on beef uping with small to no hurting or other residuary effects. Another type of tendon hurt includes Achilles tendinopathy ( paratendinitis, paratendinitis with tendinosis, and pure tendinosis ) which is localized tendon redness every bit good as deficiency extensibility with the possible to wholly tear, b y aiming and reconstructing utilizing tenocytes bring forthing an addition in collagen filaments. In the lower appendage a common sinew issue lies in the patellar tendinopathy most normally affecting the proximal bone and tendon junction or joint line. The ground for common dislocation in the patellar sinew is normally related to inordinate force or strength in athletics or activity every bit good as proper footwear and or equipment. The strength issues can be observed by factors such as musculus instability or failing which may do a sensitivity in activity particularly in jumping and film editing. A Dr. Mishra published positive consequences in patients with chronic cubitus tendinitis ( American Journal of Sports Medicine- 2006 ) . The shoulder is a different and more complex facet much more extended than the cubitus. This is an country where jobs can originate associating to rotator cuff hurts including instability, AC joint arthritis and even nervousnesss issues in the cervical spinal column such as a herniated cervical vertabrae. So to find the value of PRP in shoulders it will take more clip and many more surveies until we can find the forecast for PRP injections and their success. Several clinical sawboness are administrating this intervention in pattern where it allows the freedom to measure the advancement in patients, but other than physical therapy and modes such as ultrasound used to make more snap in the country and increase blood flow every bit good as ice and remainder but unlike the PRP injection there are few types of intervention that will diminish hurting and redness. That ‘s why PRP is the following alternate measure in keeping maximal public presentation when physical demands are required in athletics or day-to-day activities. The most unproved country that requires more s urvey to endorse research is how PRP can be linked to cartilage Restoration which would take a large spring in Orthopaedics because these types of hurts are so prevelant in athletics. Articular gristle hurts and DJD degenerative articulation disease are more copiously researched in athleticss medical specialty and how it can correlate to the usage of PRP injections is a really influential subject and it has already posed a positive grade in athleticss medical specialty and orthopedic surgery imitating hyaline like tissue that integrates with similar gristle. Showing good consequences utilizing PRP in handling gristle lesions and regeneration by modulating cells, growing factors and protein synthesis the recovery for a peculiar type of gristle dislocation can be critical in returning to feature sooner than subsequently. Influence in Sports medical specialty and jocks PRP therapy made athleticss headlines when Hines Ward sprained his median collateral ligament in his articulatio genus in the AFC Championship Game he so received a fluctuation of PRP therapy from the Steelers squad doctor and two hebdomads subsequently when most had thought he would be shut down for the balance of the season normally ensuing in four to six months of rehab and strength and conditioning, he could so restart athletics, but when he went on to catch two of the biggest base on ballss in his calling in a Super Bowl triumph people took notice. After seeing Hines Ward return every bit rapidly as he did and be so productive the public oculus became intrigued by this recovery procedure and the extended research began. The general public perceives therapy effectiveness more favourably when pro jocks are able to return to feature with a quicker recovery clip than standard protocols suggest and since they are on such a big platform where a said jock could hold a diagnosings that requires several months or what could be a partial sum of the season and is back merely hebdomads subsequently, everyon e wants to hold an chance to obtain such intervention from your recreational jock to your 9-5 occupational person. Peoples such as Hines Ward, Tiger Woods and Troy Polamalu are merely a few ace jocks that are relied on to execute at the highest degree and who have attributed their patterned advance and recovery to PRP. Star athlete disbursals of class non straight out of pocket can do upward to 10s of 1000000s of dollars and that may travel unnoticed when researching the options of intervention for recovery. The concern facet of pro athleticss has as of late brought on a overplus of illegal substances in order to hike athletic public presentation. The likes of Tiger Woods even explored this comparatively new signifier of recovery and had a PRP injection in his articulatio genus in order to vie in a major tourney that is on such a large spectrum that merely the fact entirely that he was n't forced to lose anytime off from the athletics following surgery rose inquiries rivals and athl eticss authors likewise began go arounding false information, that blood spinning was being confused with blood doping. Even claiming that PRP involved being injected with calf or animate being blood and PRP was in some manner related or had the same rules incorporated with HGH ( human growing endocrine ) . Thankfully Anderson Cooper and Dr. Sanjay Gupta cleared up any inquiry sing the PRP in jocks and the legal issues environing it in a section about Tiger Woods existent usage associating to PRP usage. And most late jocks such as John Daly ( professional golf player ) , Joakim Noah ( professional hoops participant ) , Brandon Roy ( professional hoops participant ) , Blake Griffin ( professional hoops participant ) , James Blake ( professional tennis participant ) and Cliff Lee ( professional baseball participant ; pitcher in game 1 of the World Series this twelvemonth ) all among the persons of injured jocks who received PRP for assorted hurts. The building worker with terrible Achilles sinew issues suppressing them from returning to work is an implicit in issue for the support that PRP research is having and in actuality merely as an athlete returns to feature that he may be able to return back to work. The instructor who is invariably on their pess all twenty-four hours and life with creaky hurting in his/her articulatio genuss likely sing traveling on disablement or even other options for a calling does non necessitate to settle and without holding to hold a process done most and by and large treated with a entire articulatio genus athroplasty. PRP benefits include the chance to salvage occupations and return patients back to day-to-day activities and better lives non merely amongst high profile jocks but occupational hurts as good.

Fundamentals of Nursing Research: evaluation of the evidence for nursing practice Essay

1.How do nurses and doctors interact in acute settings? In this study, I would like to use ethnography. When compared to other qualitative methods like ;phenomenology or grounded theory,ethnography is a systematic approach,which includes observing,detailing,describing,and analyzing the patterns of culture(Leininger,1985).The key feature of ethnography as a qualitative research methodology is that, it involves long term study of a group by the researcher who becomes both the observer and participant in the group this is often termed as participant observation(Ellis 2010)They don’t always take a participant role,sometimes they are non-participant observers. Access to a group for study may involve the researcher in seeking the help of a gate keeper(Ellis 2010). In this study a gate keeper can be the HOD of acute care unit who allows to access the group of doctors and nurses and also to introduce them. However there are some ethical issues this approach like an informed concent of colleagues(Ellis 2010) Convenience sampling is apt for this study as the researcher cannot predict the situation.It might be very difficult to get enough number of sample at a stretch,observation during a period of one week with different staff at different shifts,would be great to get maximum number of sample of 40 . Data collection methods include observation and interview .There are mainly three broad types of information are usually saught by ethnographer ie;: the cultural behaviour(which means what members of the culture do) Cultural  artifacts : What members of the culture make or use Cultural speech(What people say) This implies that ethnographers rely on a wide variety of data sources including observations indepth interviews records charts and other type of physical evidence(Diary letter) (Polit and Beck 2010) Observation is not unique to research and can be considered as part of every day life(Benner and Fian,2008) . Adler and Adler (1994) noted ; â€Å"For as long as people have been interested in studying the social and natural world around them observation has served as bedrock of source of human knowledge†(P 377) Often the key objective of using observation is to check weather what people say that they do is the same as what they actually do. As Hammersley (1990) suggested to rely on what people say about what they belive and do, without also observing what they do, is to neglect the complex relationship between attitudes behaviour( p 597) There are many other reasons for using observation as the data collection method : †¢ It helps us to inform about the influence of the physical environment †¢ Captures sense of the context of the and whole social settings in which people function †¢ Helps to illustrate the whole picture (Benner and Fian,2008). Some phenomena lent themselves well to observation(Polit and Hangler 1995) including characteristic and conditions of individuals, verbal and no verbal communication behaviour, activities, skill attainment and performance and the characteristics of an environment.(Benner and Fian,2008) Observation can be considered as an approach ,in which the aspects of the phenomenon to be observed are operationally defined and decided in advance(Benner and Fian,2008) It’s actually a skill to interview in qualitative research and this can be acquired through practice. (Ellis 2010) ethnographic interviews are unstructured- here i would like to use descriptive questions to ask participants about there experiences in there own language and are the backbone of ethnographic interviews(Polit and Beck, 2008) however study participants will not share much information with interviewers if they do not trust them close rapport with respondence provides access to richer information and to personal or intimate details. And audio taping equipment batteries tapes notepads and pens are essentials. Tape recorded interviews should be listened to and checked for audibility and completeness soon after the interview is over. The analysis mainly based on the patterns in the behaviour and thoughts of the participants comparing one pattern against another and analyzing many patterns simultaneously(Felterman 1989) Spradly’s 1979) /In an ethnographic study,research sequence is often used for data analysis .(Polit and Beck, 2008).On the other hand Spradely believes that language is the primary means that relates cultural meaning in a culture. His sequence of 12 steps, which includes both data collection and data analysis, and the analysis part includes making a domain analysis which are units of cultural knowledge and making a taxonomic analysis asking contrast questions making componential analysis discovering cultural themes and the last step is writing the ethnography. (Polit and Beck 2008) On the contrary ,it is very challenging method when it compares to other quantitative methods for there are no universal rules for analyzing data( Polit and Beck 2008). 2 – Do weekly counseling sessions decrease stress levels of carers of people with Alzheimer’s disease? This study can better done by the experimental method, to be more specific a randomized controlled trial is apt for this particular study. The genuineness of true experiments give us greater confidence that they depict the causal relationships under controlled settings of study (Polit and Beck,2008) Randomized controlled trials are able to answer a very specific question or related questions,because it uses specific manner ( Ellis 2010). RCT use techniques to find out the relationships between to variables. Moreover it holds direct control over many other factors that may effect the validity and reliability of the findings( Ellis 2010). Here Independent variables is weekly counseling sessions and dependent variable is stress levels of carers of people with Alzheimer’s disease. RCT’s are characterized by the following properties âÅ"“ Manipulation – The experimenter does something to some subjects or some type of interventions. âÅ"“ Control – The experimenter introduces controls into the study, including devising good approximation of counter factual – usually a controlled group that does not receive the intervention. âÅ"“ Randomization – The experimenter assigns subjects to a controlled or experimental conditions on a random basis. (Polit and Beck 2010) It was pointed out earlier that the RCT involves the random allocation of participants(Carer of people with Alzheimer’s disease) between experimental groups, whose members receive the treatment (in this study weekly counseling sessions) and control group who is devoid of or receive no intervention (in this study intervention means counseling sessions) I think a continuous 8 weeks counseling sessions that includes psychological and physical retreat of carers of Alzheimer’s patient can decrease stress levels of participants. In this particular study ,we should make sure that all meet the demands of inclusion criteria( Ellis 2010). In this study inclusion criteria involves carers who suffer from stress related to their work experience with Alzheimer’s patient. After sampling ,the researcher divides the entire sample into two different groups so that each group portrays the similar characters and even in terms of variables. ( Ellis 2010). Researchers manipulate independent variable by administrating the intervention to some subjects while withholding it from others. To illustrate participants in the experimental groups are subjected to counseling sessions through out the period where as those in the controlled group gets the usual care and treatment . Firstly, researcher have to do a pretest that involves the observation of dependent variable before the counseling session. This design permits us to examine what changes in stress levels were caused by the 8 week counseling session because only some people were subjected to it, providing an important comparison (Polit and Beck 2010) There are mainly two methods for data collection namely clinical or non clinical. Here it is a non clinical method we can use questionnaires for the data collection.( Ellis 2010).A crucial part of good research design concerns making sure that the questionnaire design addresses the needs of the research.To put this another way; somehow we need to ensure that the questions asked are the right ones.(iss.leeds.ac.uk †º home †º resources †º tutorial documents †º surveys). Reliability and validity are the two important aspect about the tool.The consistency in measuring is reliability .If the device produces the same or similar results when it uses under same circumstances,it is reliable. Whereas validity defined as, whether a tool measures or examines what it claims to measure or examine./(www.holah.karoo.net/reliabilityandvalidity.htm)‎ Outcome data should be collected in the same way and with the same figures for all the study group to facilitate this where possible participants may remain unaware of the intervention being received(Gerrish and Lacey 2010).Here the researcher can use blinding in order to reduce the risk of biases.(http;//www.ajronline.org/doi/full)It means the participants in the trial doesn’t know which intervention is given to each individual. A comparison of both group after the counseling session can be done by a post test. Despite the benefits of experimental research this has some limitations, first of all there are often constrains that make an experimental approach impractical or impossible(Polit and Beck 2008) 3: What are the factors that influence women’s smoking behaviour during pregnancy? This study has got social relevance. The grounded theory tradition which has its roots in sociology, seeks to describe and understand the social psychological and structural processes that occur in a social setting.(Polit and Beck 2008).It’s procedures are not specific to a particular discipline or method of data collection.(Holloway and Wheeler,2002) Grounded Theory research is used to generate theories about practice and understanding from many different areas of health care(Ellis 2010) so in this study grounded theory is very apt because it deals with a practice or a habit and we can gain insights into how pregnant ladies changes there smoking behaviour during pregnancy Of the qualitative approaches to research grounded theory is perhaps the most systematic in its approach. Grounded theory systematically applies procedural steps to explore social phenomenon and derive a theory that explains people’s understanding of those phenomenon .According to Strauss & Corbin, grounded theory emerges inductively from the research study.It undergoes very systematic process, data collection and analysis of data are the two major aspects of the study,so that the theory or the phenomena derives from the reciprocal relationship with each other.(Strauss & Corbin,1990) The starting point for grounded theory is that to select a homogeneous sample ,which means a sample portrays same kind of experience and with same process . A broader sample enables the researcher to draw on the experience of people to come to some conclusion of their experience (Ellis 2010) Samples for qualitative studies are generally much smaller than those used in quantitative studies.(www.qualitative-research.net †º Home †º Vol 11, No 3 (2010))The sampling in this study is theoretical sampling. I would like to select the samples from antenatal clinics or GP’s. The sample needs to be broad enough to enable the researcher to draw on the experiences enough people to come to some conclusion (Ellis 2010).But usually Grounded research typically done with 20 to 30 people.(Polit and Beck,2008).The sample size is determined by the theory being generated from the qualitative data. The data analysis can be done in two ways.Firstly, grounded theory may be used as a technique for analyzing data, which includes the process of constant comparison. The theory suggests that categories and properties are concepts that are identified by the researcher and evolve from the constant comparing of the data. (epress.anu.edu.au/info_systems/mobile_devices/ch04s03.html) Constant comparative analysis can be explained as the continuous comparison of data obtained from different participants so that the researcher analyses the difference or similarity among them.(www.rangahau.co.nz/analysis/83/‎) Methods used in data collection include, interviews ,documentary evidence, case studies and participant observations. Here i would like to use interview as my data collection method.It would be so helpful when we can maintain the field notes throughout the process of data collection.Certain occurrences in the setting or ideas from participants that seem of vital interest are recorded either during or after data collection.They remind the researcher of the events and interactions and trigger thinking process.(Holloway and Wheeler,2004). As mentioned above the analysis of Grounded theory can be done by two major methods; Firstly, the Glaser and Strauss’s Grounded theory method, and the second one is Strauss and Corbin’s approach.(Polit and Beck,2008). In this study i would like to use Strauss and Corbin’s approach. Main three types of coding includes ; Open axial and selective coding the out come of the Strauss and Corbin’s approach is a full conceptual description that explains how a basic social problem that emerged from the data is processed in a social setting (Polit and Beck 2008)†¦. When compared to other ways of qualitative analysis, It provides researchers with a unique tool for theoretical development.On contrary to the conventional path Grounded Theory works inductive . A researcher affords the luxury of maintaining an open mind and allowing the data to inform the discovery of theory. Natural phenomena is best represented by the emergent findings avoiding preconceived ideas. (ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi) 4: What is the effect of hydrotherapy on the pain levels of people with osteo-arthritis? This study is Quantitive study. The true experimental designs are those in which the researcher has a great deal of control over the research situation.(Nieswiadomy,2008).There are three criteria for a true experimental design.Firstly, the researcher manipulates the experimental variable(s).Second one is at least one experimental and one comparison group are included in the study.Last criteria is that subjects are randomly assigned to either the experimental or the comparison group. (Nieswiadomy,2008). Using manipulation, researcher consciously vary the independent variable and observe its effect on dependent variable. Researcher manipulate the independent variable by administering an experimental treatment(intervention) to some subjects while withholding it from others. Here dependent variable is pain level an independent variable is hydrotherapy(Polit and Beck 2010) Randomization or random assignment to study groups involves distribution of subject to either the experimental or control group on purely random or chance basis(Schneider and et al 2003) Sampling is the process of selecting a portion of the population to represent the entire population. It is subset of population elements. Simple random sampling can be used for this study. The members of the population are numbered and a number of them are selected using random numbers without replacing them. With this method each population member has equal chance of selection (Bowling 2009) Factors affecting sample size includes homogeneity of the population effect size cooperation and sensitivity of the measures. Quantitative researchers need to pay careful attention to the number of participants needed to achieve statistical conclusion validity. A procedure known power analysis(Cohen 1988) can be used to estimate sample size needs (Polit and Beck 2008). The sample size, effect size and the alpha level are the three major factors which determine the power.It can be defined as the capability to figure-out the statistically significant difference when the null hypothesis is in fact false,which means, power is your ability to find a difference when a real difference exists(psych.wisc.edu/henriques/power.html) Large samples are no assurance of accuracy however. There can be practical constraints such as subject availability cooperation level of participants time and resources can limit the sample size so that many studies are based on relatively small samples (Polit and Beck 2008) Data collection in experimental study dependents on the exact questions being investigated. The data collected can include data about the independent variable and data on a phenomenon(Ellis 2010). Interviews,physical examination or biological samples are the main data collection methods, researcher can also collect data from existing records. (Ellis 2010).Here a personal interview using a structured questionnaire can be used for the data collection. In this study we should do a pre test and post test. Pre test should be conducted before the intervention and a post test to assess the effect of hydrotherapy A major strength experiments is that they are practical in the real world it may be difficult if not impossible to conduct true experiments. In current era of healthcare consumerism patients are not always willing to relinquish control over there treatment condition. Another drawback of experiments is that unwillingness of people.( Gross and Fogg 2001) REFERENCES Ellis P.(2010),Understanding research for nursing students,Exeter;Learning matters Polit D. F and Beck C.T(2010),Essentials of Nursing Research:Appraising Evidence for Nursing Practice,7th edn;Lippincott Williams & Wikins. Nieswiadomy RS(2008), Foundations of nursing research, 5TH edn; new jersey: Pearson Leininger(1985), Qualitative research methods in nursing; W.B Sanders Company. Inc Holloway I & Wheeler(2002), Qualitative research in nursing, 2nd Edition, oxford Blackwell Science LTD Gerrish K and Lacey A (2010), The research process in nursing 6th edn, UK, Wiley-Blackwell Bowling A 2009, Research methods in Health;investigating health and health services, 3rd Edn, England, open university press Polit D.F and Beck C T(2008); Nursing research;Generating and assessing evidence for nursing Practice 8th Edn; Lippioncott, Williams & Wilkins Watson R, Mckenna H, Cowman S & Keady J (2008); Nursing research; Designs and method; Churchill Livingstone: Elsevier Schneider Z,Elliot D,Lobiond o-Wood G & Haber J (2003); Nursing Research: Methods critical appraisal and utilisation 2nd edn, Australia: Elsevier Pty Ltd University of Leeds: (iss.leeds.ac.uk †º home †º resources †º tutorial documents †º surveys). (No date)(Accessed on 25thof June,2013) University of Wisconsin-Madison:(psych.wisc.edu/henriques/power.html) (no date)(Accessed on 25thof June,2013) 13.University of Wollongong:(ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi) (no date)(Accessed on 25thof June,2013) Dr Leonie Pihama, MÄ ori and Indigenous Analysis Ltd:(www.rangahau.co.nz/analysis/83/‎)(no date)(accessed on 25thJune). nformation Systems Foundations: Constructing and Criticising:(epress.anu.edu.au/info_systems/mobile_devices/ch04s03.html) (no date)(Accessed on 25thof June,2013) 16. M Mason -(www.qualitative-research.net †º Home †º Vol 11, No 3 (2010) (2010)(Accessed on 25thof June,2013)