Schizophrenia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Schizophrenia - Essay Example with schizophrenia is the reduction of the quality of life that they enjoy with lower rates of employment, disrupted marriages and the reduced ability to live independently (Frankenberg, 2007). Schizophrenia ranks among the top ten diseases that are responsible for causing disability among the population of the world. It affects all kinds of people irrespective of colour, caste, creed and culture, though there is a trend of higher prevalence in the developed world and among migrants (Saha et al, 2005). Estimates on the worldwide prevalence of schizophrenia put the prevalence rate at 1.1% making for about 51 million people suffering from the disorder around the world. The prevalence rate of schizophrenia in Australia is almost similar to the worldwide prevalence rate, which gives an estimated 285,000 people afflicted with the disorder in Australia (Schizophrenia Facts and Statistics). The aetiology of schizophrenia still remains an enigma, as there is limited clarity in it. Genetics and perinatal nutritional stress have remained the main postulated aetiologies of schizophrenia. The postulation of a genetic basis in the aetiology of schizophrenia stems from the studies conducted into schizophrenia in dizygotic and monozygotic twins, wherein it was found that the concordance for schizophrenia is nearly ten percent, whereas it was close to fifty percent in the case of monozygotic twins (Frankenberg, 2007). Nutritional deficiencies occur frequently during pregnancies. There is evidence to suggest that in utero exposure deficiencies in nutrition increase vulnerability to schizophrenia, as a result of disruption of neurodevelopment. This is the basis of the perinatal nutritional stress aetiology in schizophrenia. Evidence in support of this postulation has come from the studies into the association of the perinatal stress during the Dutch Hunger Winter of 1944-1945 and the severe famine in China. The nutrients whose deficiency is suggested to be associated with the

Psychometrics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Psychometrics - Essay Example The tests used are designed strictly for this purpose and has no relevance to anything else other than the purpose for which it was created (Rust & Golombok, 1989). Measurement in psychometrics can be taken as the conversion of abstract constructs into concrete variables on the basis of a clear set of rules and arises from the conjecture of McCall 1939 p.15, that â€Å"anything that exists in amount can be measured.† Tests form the essential feature of the means to measurement in psychometrics. A test may be taken as a standard procedure in an attempt to sample behaviour and describe it in terms of categories or scores. A true test incorporates norms and standards in relation to the scores that assist in the prediction of behaviour and performance. An unstandardised test has confounding factors in it, which interact with the performance and as a result has a negative impact on the ability to evaluate performance. Psychological testing attempts to ape measurements in the physical measurement, where numbers are ascribed to demonstrate levels of some feature like temperature or weight. Tests through its scores or evidence make it possible to assess whether an individual belongs to a particular category or group and to evaluate the quantum of trait or quality that is possessed by the individual. There are two caveats that govern any test. The first caveat is that error is inherent to a test result and that the measurement obtained is not a reflection of the true score, but a reflection of the sum of the true score and the error, which may be positive or negative. The second caveat is that psychological test scores are not a measure of physical reality and are representative of abstract concepts. For example the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) does not really exist, but is a useful abstract concept for predicting success in academics or career. Test scores are interpreted through the comparison against a set of

Functions of Enzymes in Metabolic Reaction

Functions of Enzymes in Metabolic Reaction Enzymes have a fundamental role in all metabolic reaction that occurs in all living organisms. Enzymes are proteins which has the ability to bind to substrates and break substrate into products. In most cases, enzymes act as catalyst as they aid the reactants to come closer by using their active sites. In this essay I will be reviewing the structure and function of a serine protease known as subtilisin and I will analyze the different techniques used by different researchers to define the structure or functions of Subtilisin. Subtilisin is found in various forms such as Carlsberg and BNP. All three enzymes are from different origins, however they have similar primary structure although, their tertiary structures are completely different. Subtilisin BPN is an extracellular protease enzyme of a spore forming organism Bacullus Amyloliquelaniens. This enzyme contains a single peptide chain of amino acid containing 275 residues with no disulphide bridges or SH group. The subtilisin BNP contains 8 right handed ÃŽ ± helical segment these regions are (Alden et al, 1970). Many distortion has been observed due to the standard helix. The longest helix contains a number of residues such as Ala 223 to Histidine 238 which runs all the way from the top of the molecule thought the molecules and to the other end. The other 6 helical segments lie approximately parallel to the longest helix (Alden et al, 1970). Subtilisins are example of serine protease these are found in every organism that exists. There are several examples of serine protease enzyme and one of them is alpha-Chymotrypsin which is one of the known enzymes in the Trypsin family. The Trypsin and the subtilisin are believed to have evolved as they have similar mechanism of action even though they are not detectably related. Subtilisin is a bacterial protease, however Trypsin including ÃŽ ±-Chymotrypsin, Trypsin and Elastase re from mammalian origin. These are the known enzymes to have evolved convergent because they have similar active sites and catalytic mechanisms but has no similarities in terms of sequence or conformational homology. The two known types of subtilisin are BNP and Carlsberg; both have similar polypeptide chain, but there are segments on the chain where a number of residues has either been replaced or deleted. According to Emil (1966), BPN consist of peptide chain of 275 amino acids residues, however Carlsber g enzyme contains only 274 amino acid residues. As mentioned in this paper, the chain is only different by 83 residues which may lead to the question why they are different . Furthermore, the similarities and differences between BNP and Carlsberg suggest there have been deletions which have caused both of these enzymes to evolve in different ways. These enzymes are believed to be serine protease enzymes which means they all originate from the same source and due to evolution these enzyme has been converging away from each others path and both enzyme adapted in its environment in order to survive. This resulted subtilisin to be present in bacteria and ÃŽ ±-Chymotrypsin is found in the mammalian pancreas. This now brings us to the point that ÃŽ ±-Chymotrypsin and Subtilisins having the same catalytic mechanisms. This suggest that both Trypsin family and subtilisin family originates from source. Serine proteases are highly specific enzymes as they use His, Ser and Asp part of their active site. The main characteristic of a serine protease is that they have a unique Ser residue of exceptional reactivity that forms a covalent bond with some of the substrates or inhibitors (Creighton J). In both Trypsin and subtilisin shows many similarity and both contains the particularly highly reaction serine residue which can be specifically phosphorylated by other substrate such as isoprophylfluorophosphate (Alden and Wright, 1970), sulphonated and acylated using different enzymes. Further, research was carried out to find out the protonotic equilibria exhibited by both of these enzymes. The enzymatic similarity between the two different serine protease could be the involvement of a Histidine residue as it has been mentioned in most literature. Previous studies suggested that tertiary structure of ÃŽ ±-Chymotrypsin and subtilisin contains hydrogen bonding involvement in the Enzyme-substrate complex (Polgar and Bender, 1969). The Kcat for hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate by BPN depends on a group with a pK of 7.2, which presumably was Histidine (Alden and Wright, 1970). Studies were carried out to determine the structure of the enzymes by Neidhart et al (1988) and they successfully refined the structure of Carlsberg. The structure was refines at 2.5 Ã… resolution using X-ray crystallography. Wright et all (1969) found out that subtilisin BNP possesses the catalytic triad, arrangement of active site including Aspartate, Histidine, and serine residues characteristic of the Trypsin family. Further study carried out by Robertus et al (1972), demonstrated that the arrangement and characteristics of the active site is identical for both BPN and other member of the Trypsin family, which means the peptide around the active site were highly conserved. In contrast, the overall peptide chain folding of subtilisin BPN reassembles those in the Trypsin family. Thus the relationship between BPN and mammalian Trypsin family of enzymes have been classified as a case of convergent evolution (Robertus et all, 1972). The catalytic triad consist of the residue Asp 32 , His 64 and Ser 221. This supports the charge relay hypothesis and the catalytic triad is the most important part of the serine protease as it helps the enzymes to work effectively. Subtilisin also contains calcium binding loops which contains abut 75-81 residues which is identical in both type of subtilisin (Neidhart et al, 1988). Subtilisin and ÃŽ ± Chymotrypsin both are highly specific as they only bind to specific substrates. For example, proflovin is a good competitive inhibitor for ÃŽ ± Chymotrypsin is inefficient against subtilisin. And oppositely subtilisin has a good competitive inhibitor 4-(4aminophenylaze)-phenylarsonic acid, where as it doesnt interact with Chymotrypsin at all (Alden et al, 1970). Despite the Histidine residue in the active site, some specific inhibitors still bind to the active site by acylation of the Histidine of the Chymotrypsin; however they do not react with subtilisin. There are differences between subtilisin and Trypsin; subtilisin does not contain any disulphide bridges, but Chymotrypsin has five and Trypsin has 6 which suggest that trypsins are more cystine rich. So apart from the surrounding area of the serine 221 in subtilisin, these two classes have no resemblance from each other as far as the primary sequence is concern (Alden et al, 1970).

Recall Bias in Research Design Essay -- Research Methodology

It is most likely every major text on epidemiology involved in retrospective research is influenced by recall bias. Scientists have identified recall bias to occur when accuracy of recall regarding prior exposure is different for cases versus control (RAPHAEL, 1987). The possibility for recall bias exists whenever historical self-report information is elicited from respondents (RAPHAEL, 1987). Therefore, the potential for the occurrence is likely to be greatest in case-control studies or cross-sectional studies with retrospective elements, as well as some cohort prospective and control randomized trial designs (Hassan, 2006). Since recall bias is an undesired element, intended to potentially distort the study, the initial design of research study needs to implement a proper strategy. In construction of the design, an abstract, methods and conclusion alone do not restrict recall bias. To limit the need for recall itself it would be more desirable to depend on scientific data, as is the most obvious choice. However, research does not provide us with this luxury. Thus, one method to restrict or rule out recall bias is the use of actual exposure status verified through unbiased records (RAPHAEL, 1987). Although this method is most limited as it depends on the unbiased records made available in studies. The initial formatting of questionnaires is another consideration to insure research accuracy and validity scale. A popular form is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory used in studies eliciting self-report responses (RAPHAEL, 1987). The MMPI has demonstrated successful outcomes and limited recall bias with an analytical approach to cross sectional studies. As assertive measurements to evaluate recall bias are in place, ... ...his evaluated? The valuable status collected during the initial emergency room visit presents the most usable information to this study, making this study reportable. Alcohol and drug use remain globally problematic and therefore epidemiological scientists continue to report findings of research in hopes of communicating its findings and finally the overall focus of making a change for the better. . References; BORGES, g. L.-M. (2005). A CASE-CONTROL STUDY OF ALCOHOL AND SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS AS RISK FACTORS FOR NON-FATAL INJURY. Oxford Journals , 257-262. Hassan, E. (2006). Recall Bias can be a Threat to Retrospective and Prospective Research Designs . . The Internet Journal of Epidemiologyâ„ ¢ ISSN: 1540-2614 . RAPHAEL, K. (1987). Recall Bias: A Proposal for Assessment and Control. International Journal of Epidemiology , 167-171.

Is Aeneas pious Essay

For many, Aeneas is the characterisation of piety: he honours his duty to the gods and his destiny, his duty to his family, to his people, community and to his fatherland and he adheres to stoic values. Arguably the most important aspect of piety is the adherence to his duty to the gods and his destiny, which I will discuss first. In book 1, Venus appears to her son, Aeneas in the guise of ‘a Spartan girl out hunting, wearing the dress of a Spartan girl and carrying her weapons’. Aeneas recognises that the girl is Augustus also deified Julius in the Lex Titia in 43 BC, which legalised the Second Triumvirate and marked the end of the Roman Republic. Augustus invoked the Lax Papia Poppaea in 9 AD to encourage marriage by making it more economically viable to be married and have children than to not. He also made adultery punishable by banishment by passing the Lex Iulia de Adulteriis Coercendis in 17 BC, and famously banished his only biological daughter, Julia the Elder in 2 BC. This encouraged family unity more than before, and encouraged fathers to stay with their wives and children, especially as there was an extra tax placed on unmarried men above the age of 30. Aeneas demonstrates an incredible sense of duty to his people, community and fatherland right from the beginning of the poem. After the storm induced by Juno and Aeolus, and Aeneas and his men are rescued by Neptune, who is furious that they were changing the natural pattern of his seas, without his permission. Aeneas thinks of his men first, and so, when he saw a herd of deer, he hunted, and killed ‘seven huge carcasses (which he laid) on the ground, one for each of the ships’. This demonstrates how he caters to their needs before his own. The household gods, which feature in book 2, are representative of the Trojan community, and so when Aeneas, ‘fresh from all the fighting and killing’, refuses to touch them because of this, it demonstrates his reverence for the community. In book 4, he also shows consideration towards the community, but Dido’s community in Carthage. Mercury tells us how he ‘caught sight of Aeneas laying the foundations of’ Carthage with Dido. This devotion to the wider community, even though it means that he is digressing from his destiny, is still demonstrating piety. Aeneas not only holds the Funeral Games in book 5 out of reverence for his father, but to also raise the morale of his men. Aeneas holds various races and matches which allow his men to be happy after the death of Dido, which they would have suspected happened, and also after the death of Anchises, and also of various men of the crew. Virgil represents Aeneas as having virtus, as he hides his true emotions inside, to protect his men. In book 1, Aeneas, although ‘he was sick with all his cares(;) he showed (his men) the face of hope and kept his misery deep in his heart’, which would have served to raise the morale of the men, if they knew their leader was not upset, they would be led by example. Augustus demonstrated his care for his community by giving 400 sercestes to each of ‘the Roman plebs’ in 44 BC out of his own money. He also ‘restored the Capitol, and the theatre of Pompey, (†¦) restored the channels of the aqueducts, (and) completed the Forum Julium and the bascilla between the temples of Castor and Saturn’ throughout his reign, up until 12 AD. Contrary to Aeneas and also Augustus, as Aeneas is a characterisation of Augustus, Mezentious is not pious in his care of his community and people. Virgil depicts him as a shocking leader and in book 8; the poet divulges how the leader devised a new form of torture ‘whereby living men were roped to dead bodies, typing them hand to hand and face to face, to die a lingering death oozing with putrefying flesh’. Mezentius’ disdain for his men contrasts to Aeneas’ care and respect for his own men, and indeed of all men, as we see Aeneas rescues the Greek, forgotten by Odysseus (Ulixes) from the Cyclopses, which enhances our views of Aeneas’ piety in comparison to this horrific leader. Aeneas’ piety is often defined by how he demonstrates stoicism, and he does so throughout the poem. Stoics believed that the notion of fate must be respected and that no mortal man could, or should interfere with fate, as it is an inevitable force. The ability to endure what fate throws at you is also an important stoic trait, and one that Aeneas demonstrates again and again. In book 1, Aeneas leads his men through the storm started by Aeolus and Juno, until they are rescued by Neptune. He endures the storm, and motivates his men to trust in him after the storm, and this is primarily why he is such a good leader- because of his resolve and endurance, which also defines his pious nature. A key stoic belief is rationality of the universe, and features within Aeneas. Stoics believed that a rational, and of course, male mind is the best leader for any community, and this is the only way for a community to thrive- under one, rational, male leader. Coincidentally Augustus Caesar fits these criteria, and so, had to kill Anthony. Likewise Cleopatra, who Dido is modelled of, had to die- she was female and so was irrational, so was a bad leader, and this also explains why she was so passionate, because the stoic stereotype of a woman, is that they are passionate, emotional and irrational. The divide between men and women is formed from the prejudice that women are irrational, and the stereotype that men are automatically rational. Throughout the poem, we are presented with the juxtaposition of the irrational females, predominantly Dido and Juno, and the rationality of Aeneas and Jupiter. Jupiter controls fate, installing rationality upon the universe and Juno attempts to derail fate, preventing Aeneas from following his destiny, which, of course, does not work. The victory of Jupiter’s fate is shown by how Jupiter guides Aeneas, which demonstrates how the rationality of the male mind cannot be overthrown by an irrational female, even one who is a goddess. Virgil was rumoured to believe that love and hate were both redundant as they were both concept which wavered from the ‘path’ of fate, creating two opposites that were equally negative to a stoic. This perhaps explains why Virgil shows that the acceptance of fate and your destiny is the only way to achieve rationality. Virgil’s association with Augustus explains why women are portrayed as negative, because Augustus was inherently a stoic, and believed that women were irrational, and destined for dominating the domestic sphere, while men should dominate politics and war. Stoics were firm believers of the concept of ‘mind over matter’, presented by the Trojan women’s matter of flames, which are extinguished by the ‘mind’ (or fate) when Aeneas has to set sail shortly after the Funeral Games. The poet presents his audience with fire for passion, desire and pain which all represent destruction. We learn from his epic poem that Virgil believes that these poisonous emotions will not succeed when faced with fate, as women are primarily linked with fire, as we see Juno frequently described as ‘burning with passion’, and we also see Turnus described as ‘burning’, importantly both effeminising him and scorning war. Aeneas often has to deal with the loss of his men so that he can achieve his destiny; one such victim of Aeneas’ fate is Creusa, who dies before they even leave Troy and another is Aeneas’ father, Anchises. He does more likely die of old age, although Aeneas still mourns his death. Aeneas must accept that there are casualties that must be endured if he can achieve his destiny. The father-son relationship was one that was influenced by stoic beliefs, as stoics believed that the father figure (pater patria) should always be obeyed as he is wise. At the beginning of the poem, Anchises is the pater patria, however once Anchises dies, Aeneas takes over as the pater patria. Aeneas shows his dedication to his father by symbolically carrying him on his shoulders out of Troy, prioritising him even over his only son. These definitions of piety are interlinked, and cannot exist without the others, however, sometimes we see that to fulfil one part of piety, Aeneas must ignore another, and so the rules of what defines a pious person are clearly not set in stone. Nevertheless, Aeneas is as good as a portrayal of a pious person there is, and he is a reflection of how Augustus wished to be viewed. Thus, we have to ask ourselves, as the Roman audience would have: Aeneas is undoubtedly pious and as pious as one man can, theoretically, be, but is he unachievably pious? And so, does this make him as much of a character of mythology as the monsters he encountered in hell, and because of this, I feel the important question is not: ‘is Aeneas pious? ’ but is instead, why is he pious? If Aeneas was not pious, and was instead a mimic of Homer’s Odysseus, who is often represented as Aeneas’ antithesis, would there be any purpose in Virgil’s poem? No, there would not, and this is why Aeneas is shown as pious, and was believed to be the ideal man by the Romans, a mould for which to cast their own characters in and form themselves by.

Municipal Solid Waste Management In China Environmental Sciences Essay

The universe is now enduring from an exigency crisis of municipal solid waste ( MSW ) . The entire sum of planetary MSW is lifting aggressively, particularly in some development states, such as China. The one-year sum of MSW production in China increased from 0.0313 billion dozenss to 0.14 billion dozenss during an 18 old ages period from 1980 to 1998 ( Suocheng, 2001, P7-11 ) . And the accrued volume of MSW in China experienced a rapid addition during a 5 old ages period from about 6 billion dozenss in 1998 to more than 6.5 billion dozenss in 2002 ( Zhiqiang, 2006, P1193-1197 ) . With the economic system go oning to turn aggressively, it is clear that MSW direction may be one of the heaviest loads for the China authorities. As a consequence, taking a suited method for MSW intervention in China is going much more necessary and exigency.MSW direction system in ChinaIn the early People Republic of China, under the background of the planned economic system system, MSW direction was defi ned as a public service by the authorities ( Suocheng, 2001, P7-11 ) , which made MSW direction isolated from the market. As a consequence, used an inordinate public financess for disposing MSW became one of the factors leaded to financial shortage. By the terminal of 1970s, the Chinese authorities put frontward the reform and opening-up policy. Profit from this policy, although the market mechanisms were still uncomplete, it began to play an progressively decisive function in MSW direction in China. After about 50 old ages of development, there were three chief methods used to dispose the MSW: Incineration, Landfill and composted. By the terminal of 2000, more than 70 % of MSW was managed by landfill ( largely by simple landfill ) and about 20 % by composted, merely less than 10 % was disposed by incineration ( Zhiqiang, 2006, P1193-1197 ) . During the past decennary, the authorities began to pay much more attending in incineration, which changed the per centum of the composing of MSW direction system. However, it did non intend that a most suited system had already formed, due to this ground, an analysis about dispose methods should still be taken.Waste Landfill SystemLandfill engineering is utilizing a landfill site for MSW disposal by compression and entombment. Through the decomposition of anaerobiotic bug, organic affairs will be converted into inorganic substances and will finally be absorbed by the dirt. Landfill engineering has been the most often used method in MSW dire ction, particularly in China. Landfill is the cheapest MSW disposal option, the costs of waste transit is being reduced because of the short distance from urban country to landfill site. It means that, local wastes can be disposed in situ alternatively of transported to another country. Another advantage of landfill is the comprehensive ability in MSW intervention. Compare with other waste disposal methods, landfill engineering can dispose many different types of wastes which have non been classified. Furthermore, vast of methane, which was discharged from the landfill site, can be collected by a gas assemblage system and used as a cleaner-burning fuel. However, as have mentioned above, most of the MSW in China was disposed by simple landfill, which have already caused many jobs. One of the most common influences is surface H2O pollution ; rivers may be polluted because of toxins seep. For illustration, the prostration of the Xiaping landfill in Shenzhen metropolis, China, finally caused a terrible pollution in Shenzhen River, which made 1/3 of the imbibing H2O supplies disrupted for over a hebdomad and it besides posed a serious menace to the natural environment. Furthermore, in instance of improper operation, methane may leak from the gas assemblage system, which may do air pollution, and doubtless, will lend to planetary heating. In add-on, landfill may besides influent the local dirt. Owing to a slow decomposition rate of the anaerobiotic bug, one time a site has been filled, the high concentration of contaminations in it will be at least 200 old ages. Therefore, a land which has of all time been used as a landfill site can non be redeveloped in a short period.Waste Incineration Systemâ€Å" Incineration is a waste intervention procedure that involves the burning of organic substances contained in waste stuffs ( The Wikipedia, 2010 ) † . Waste stuffs will be converted into ash, fluke gas, and heat thought the waste incineration system. MSW incineration engineering was foremost used at the terminal of 1980 ‘s and experienced a dramatic advancement in 1990 ‘s ( Xiaodong, 2002 ) . Compare with landfill engineering, waste incineration merely necessitate a lower limit of land and the sum of waste can be reduced to about 10 % of the initial value. Besides, ashes from the incinerator can be used as building stuffs and these stuffs could be much cheaper than traditional stuffs. Furthermore, the modern incineration system could bring forth electricity and collect heat energy while MSW is firing, which were considered as green energy. Although incineration systems can do many benefits, without uncertainties, there still much disadvantages of utilizing incinerator for MSW disposing and it could even present a much more serious menace to the environment. In order to forestall environmental jobs, particularly air pollution, the operation of incineration system must establish on high engineerings ; it means that, a high cost should be wage for MSW intervention. Furthermore, as the Torahs is updating, more advanced equipments possibly required in the hereafter and it may besides be vast of money. Undoubtedly, all of these costs will be shifted on to consumers. Furthermore, even though all incineration systems are utilizing the most advanced engineering, taints may still be discharged. These sorts of taints could be much more unsafe than that produced during landfill procedure, because some high carcinogenicity affairs like dioxin will be discharged to the atmospheric environment during burning. As a consequence, more a nd more people realize that incineration system is harmful for wellness. For illustration, although the authorities promises that it would non be any unsafe, people in Guangzhou City, China are still contending to avoid an incineration to be built in their metropolis.Waste Composting Systemâ€Å" Compost is composed of organic stuffs derived from works and carnal affair that has been decomposed mostly through aerophilic decomposition ( The Wikipedia, 2010 ) † . The development of MSW composting in China can be divided into three stages ( Yuan, 2000 ) : The primary phase was from 1950s-1960s. In this phase, people began to analyze the operation mechanism of composting. As a consequence, composting became a new engineering for MSW direction. The development phase was from 1970s-1980s. Composting experienced a comfortable period in this phase, for illustration, the China authorities chosen 11 types of composting engineerings as distributing engineerings ( Nei, 1992 ) . The distributing application phase was from 1990s boulder clay presents. The authorities found that composting was a most eco-friendly method in MSW direction, so big sums of money were put into the publicity of composting. Composting is a about harmless MSW disposing engineering. Compare with landfill and incineration, composting could be carried out in a simple manner, it is suited for little metropoliss, particularly some agricultural countries. Furthermore, wastes will go agricultural fertiliser after a composting procedure, which can organize a good material circulation system. However, limited by treating efficiency, composting site could merely be built in a smaller graduated table. Furthermore, merely some simple affair such as refuse or animate being and works remains can be disposed by composting. Due to this fact, a successful composting system is base on a well waste categorization system. On the other manus, because of the difference in microbic vegetations, each composting system has a particular operating environment. Temperature, aeration, composing of waste can all go factors which may impact composting.Choosing a suited method for MSWAs the sum of MSW in China is still lifting aggressively, the contemporary MSW direction system will no longer be utile to work out the job efficaciously. For this ground, to set up a new MSW disposing system is necessary. First of wholly, as consequences of many environmental jobs were caused by landfill, landfill system should be discontinued bit by bit. Although incineration system may do some serious environmen tal jobs, compared with landfill engineering, it can still be an effectual manner in MSW disposing. On the other manus, composting engineerings should be promoted smartly. However, the constitution of incineration and composting system is under the conditions of good waste categorization. In order to accomplish this end, on the one manus, the authorities should increased promotion and instruction attempts on waste categorization. On the other manus, public installations such as classificatory rubbish bins should be heightening significantly. Furthermore, In order to set up a long-run mechanism, the bonus-penalty mechanism and the market economic system mechanism should be introduced into MSW direction system. By this manner, MSW direction system will associate up with the market economic system, which will do the MSW direction system much more comprehensive.DecisionAs a fact that the volume of municipal solid waste in China is increasing aggressively, the presents waste direction sy stem may neglect to run into the processing demands. Landfill engineering, which is busying a dominant place in MSW dispose, should non be promoted any longer because of the monolithic land business and the high-risk in bring forthing environmental pollution jobs. On the other manus, Incineration and composting engineering, which are the freshly development and eco-friendly engineerings, should go major picks. However, merely trusting on the development of new engineerings are non plenty, the alteration of people ‘s attitudes towards waste intervention is the cardinal manner to work out the MSW direction job. To accomplish this intent, the constitution of a market direction mechanism, which can do the MSW direction control by the regulations of market economic system, become a major premiss. To reason, utilizing Incineration and composting engineering as the chief processing system and landfill as an aide is the most suited manner to work out the job of MSW.

The Gothic tradition The Yellow Wallpaper Essay Example

The Gothic tradition The Yellow Wallpaper Essay Example The Gothic tradition The Yellow Wallpaper Essay The Gothic tradition The Yellow Wallpaper Essay one being females considered more prone to mental ilnesses and the paradagime of post natal depression. To explicitly highlight and convey her ideologies and views Gillman wrote The Yellow Walpaper which particularly explores attitudes in the nineteenth century towards womens physical and mental health. Elements of this can also be recognised and depicted in Charlotte Brontes novel Jane Eyre. At the very start of the story, Gillman identifies the place where her character is being held ancestral halls. Her husband being a physician indicates his wealth state thus juxtaposing with the estate being let so cheaply. Continuing, the story does not provide any evidence that the woman is suffering from any mental disease, however she does admit to get unreasonably angry with her husband from time to time. Her husband John who can be viewed as the voice of reason, sharply opposes his wife, the voice of emotion, who enigmatically remains unnamed throughout the story. Such a sharp antithesis occurs also between Bertha Mason and Jane Eyre in Brontes Jane Eyre. Bertha embodies an excess of sexual emotions and desire, on the contrary Jane signifies the conventional and conservative symbol of Britishness. However though many critiques do consider Bertha, not only a symbol of female insanity, but an alter ego of Jane, just as Gillman portrays her character that she is imagining a woman trying to escape from the yellow wallpaper and it is like a woman creeping about behind the pattern. Another significant element which concerns both the novel Jane Eyre and the story by Gillman is the presence of the segregation of the female characters both suffering form mental disorders. Bertha being locked away on the attic while Gillmans character being put in a room at the top of the house. Both the attic and a nursery at the top of a house conveys the idea that things which are unneeded are put their and it also adds a significant amount of enigma to the overall idea. Both those places are also emblems of things that need to be hidden away, in this case insanity must be concealed away from society. As the story progress the reader begins to detect signs of the illness taking over the character. As acknowledged by Gilbert and Gubar, her husband John, uses a conventional method of treatment at the time, which Gillman herself was subjected to by the famous nerve specialist S. Weit Mitchell. As she continues to utilize her time by watching the wallpaper she becomes delusional and begins to associate the colour of the wallpaper with decay and smells, the paper begins to have a vicious influence. Even though at the beginning the narrator feels a little resentment towards the environment as a whole, her mind quickly takes a new direction I am really getting fond of the in spite of the wallpaper. However she exclaims that her fondness might be caused because of the wallpaper. The story slowly takes a shift and the narrators unstable mind becomes more prominent. As the summer approaches its end, the narrator finally asks for permission to leave. Of course such permission is denied gently by John Why Darling! said he our lease will be up in three weeks and i cant see how to possibly leave before. In response, she consumes her whole night in watching the wallpaper hence her insanity reaching a climax. Her thorough analysis of the wallpaper hints the reader that her mind has progressed to a new stage of severe disorder. The narrator hallucinates that her husband has also been examining the wallpaper, nonetheless she is determined that nobody shall find this imaginary mystery of the wallpaper. Her insanity has taken new levels and her mind has completely deteriorated The front pattern does move- and no wonder! The woman behind shakes it! This illustration of the false woman in the wallpaper in some ways mirrors Jane Eyres vision of a vampirical creature the night before her wedding. Again the female state of mind is involved as this vision is actually Bertha who has been taken over by her desires and strong emotions in almost the same way as the narrator in the The Yellow Wallpaper. Furthermore another analogy with Berhta in Jane Eyre could be considered. Both the narrators mind and Berthas mind reach a culmination of instability, which leads them to extraordinary acts of lunacy.

External environments interact to affect managers Essay Example

External environments interact to affect managers Essay Example External environments interact to affect managers Paper External environments interact to affect managers Paper With the entire world as a market and national borders becoming increasingly meaningless, the potential for organizations to grow and expand is almost unlimited (Robbins, 2003, p. 101 and business is increasingly international due to increasing sales and accessing resources(Wild, 1999). In such circumstance, organizations must learn how to survive and prosper in a global environment that is highly dynamic and unstable. Managers in this setting not only deal with a set of social , economic, legal and political factors in the home nation, but with entirely different set of these in each country of operation. International management involves balancing a firms internal environment forces which is a system of shared meaning and beliefs within an organization that determines employees act with external environmental forces which is outside institutions or forces that potentially affect an organizations performance (Bard, Post, Mammon, 1990). The internal environment such as human resource policies, organizational culture, and production methods affects the managers ability to achieve certain outcomes. However, it is not only the organizational culture that plays a significant role (Robbins, 2003). It interacts with the external environment such as social culture, technology, economic to affect the organizations performance in the global environment. The focus on this essay is on the interaction between some of the factors in internal and external environment in the global environment and its impact on organizations and managers. All organizations, even monopolies, have one or more competitors. In the global environment, the competitors which are one factor of the specific environment are even more and stronger. Managers cannot ignore the competition. They must monitor and prepare to respond, such as change the rice, services, and develop new products (Robbins, 2003). Mercedes-Benz always is thought as serious, not youthful and extremely expensive in the U. S. Market at the beginning. Research among American dealers also revealed that consumers felt so intimidated by Mercedes that they wouldnt sit in the cars at the showroom. When Japanese carmakers entered the U. S. Market in the sass, they reproduced their car-building philosophies, cultures, production practices and management styles in the United States. But Mercedes started with the proverbial blank sheet of paper. In order to appeal o U. S. Market, Mercedes enters the M-Class, a sports utility vehicle (SUB) with a base price of 335000 and luxury lineage. At the same time, Mercedes abandon the rigid hierarchy of the typical Mercedes production line and create a more egalitarian shop floor in order to motivate workers. Thus administrative offices in the Vance plant run through the middle of the manufacturing area, and while its all glassed in, team members still have easy access to administrators. The plant is also designed so workers can unilaterally stop the assembly line to correct manufacturing problems. So far, he system has been a catalyst to communication among the Alabama plants 1500 U. S. Workers, German trainers, and diverse management team that includes executive form both Detroit and Japan. Even so, Mercedes has spent an enormous amount of time and effort to train its U. S. Rockford. So far the Mercedes M-class is competing very well against the entrenched competition (Wild, 1999). This case describes how the competitors and the organizational internal culture interact to shape the managers decision in the global business environment. In terms of the general environment which is one components of the external environment, the most rapid changes during the past quarter-century have occur red in technology (Robbins, 2003). Especially in the increasing globalization, the technology represents a key advantage and challenges to the organization. MET, the channel beams its irreverent and brash mix of music, news, and entertainment to 281 million homes in over 64 countries, including Brazil, Singapore, India, and 36 countries in Europe. In 1987, MET commanded an audience of 61 million in the united States. The company wanted to take the music revolution global by starting MET Europe and MET Australia. At first, it took a pan-European approach, marketing the same product to all European countries. The European network was a huge overnight success. Through its experiences in Europe, MET refined its mix of programming to become a global national brand with local variations. They had spent almost two decades building a global brand identity, MET executives initially rejected that idea. Little by little, however, they changed their collective mind. They decided to move forward because a certain technological innovation made it possible for MET to think globally and act locally at very little cost. The breakthrough was digital compression technology, which allows suppliers to multiply the number of services offered on a single satellite feed. Where there were three or four services, explained one MET official, now we can broadcast six or eight. (Hung, 1996). Math/ Europe, currently reaching 77 million homes, has adopted a European strategy; it offers local version of its satellite and cable TV network programming to compete in individual European countries. These more- focused offerings have gradually been replacing MN Rupees wider regional programming, and versions for the Netherlands, Spain, and Eastern European Mounties are now being considered. Today, not only teens in Europe but teens all over the world have their MET cake and eat it, too (Wild, 1999). This is the typical example which represents how technology interacts with the organization internal innovation in the international economic. Coloratura which is the one of general environment also impact the managers actions. Managers must adapt their practices to the changing expectations of the society in which they operate (Robbins, 2003). April 1992, Disneys new $4 billion theme park-Euro Disneyland opened at twenty miles east of Paris. Disney executives are banking on a love affair between Mackey and company and the Europeans as the principal engine of Disneys growth in the sass. It is hoped that 11 million Europeans a year will rub elbows in a happy melting pot at the park. But a number of conflicts and a lower-than- expected attendance in the early months had Disneys bosses worried. Glitzy American -style theme parks may not be Rupees cup of tea. No one really expects the king of theme parks to flop in Europe. Two million Europeans flock to Disneys American parks every year. But for reasons ranging form ultra backlash to Frances chilly winter weather, the reception has indeed been cool for the U. S. Company. Europeans visit Disorderly in Florida as part of an American experience. Many observers doubt, however, that they will seek Americana as eagerly in the Paris suburbs. Then there was the challenge Of hiring and training 1 6000 cast members, representing 86 nationalities and 34 languages. About half of the cast members were French, and the dress code imposed by Disney was regarded as an assault on French and European social standards. The attempt to maintain the standardized, all- American Disney look-no long hair, no long fingernails, very limited makeup, no jewelry. In addition to specific job training, Disney University, a feature of all company parks, gave the standard day-and-a half course in Disney culture. Now, Disorderly is very successful in Paris (Dresser, 1994). International trade has undergone explosive growth recently(Bard, Post, Mammon, 1990). The AC survey indicates that since 1997, on average, non-US sales for us-based companies have risen slightly, from the 10 to 20 percent range to the 20 to 30 percent range. Products manufactured outside the US eave increased in a similar manner (Talking, 2001, p. 34). The internal and external environments interact to affect managers and organizations. It is important for the manager to be aware of the diversities and more flexible that they have been in the past. The economic globalization is the inevitable trend in coming years, the managers have to consider both the internal environment and external environment in order to be successful in such global environment.

An Introduction To Knowledge Workers Management Essay

An Introduction To Knowledge Workers Management Essay For the main part of the 20th century, the industry was depended on the performance of manual workers in manufacturing. During this time the most important contribution of management was to increase the productivity of these workers to make the organization profitable and to sustain their continuity. (Drucker, 1999) But a shift has taken place. Nowadays, in the 21st century, the economy starts increasingly to depend on the performance and productivity of knowledge workers. Most businesspeople believed in the importance of knowledge workers and saw that knowledge workers are vital to organizational success which includes organizational sustainability and growth. For this reason â€Å"knowledge workers† become essential in nowadays economy (Helton, R 1988, Drucker, 1999). But what does this relatively new term ‘knowledge workers’ means? In the literature there is no common or specific definition found. (Ramirez Frey, 1997). According to their need of autonomy it i s the role of the knowledge worker to learn, constantly updating – and developing new skills, and transfer this knowledge to others in the organization. By doing this, they will make them valuable to the organization ( James, 2002). At last a knowledge worker can be defined from the perspective of an individual activity. In reference to this perspective, the balance between ‘thinking’ and ‘doing’ activities regarding their job is examined (Kelloway & Barling, 2003). However the work of knowledge workers is defined as work with high levels of cognitive activities (Helton, 1988) and where they will work with information to make decisions and create idea’s (Fox, 1990). For this reason knowledge workers tend more to the side where activities are related to ‘thinking’

SCRUM, DSDM, and Lean Software Development Essay

SCRUM, DSDM, and Lean Software Development - Essay Example Agile software development is considered to be one of the most commonly used approaches assumed by the large industries while developing software. It is essentially a group of software development approaches constructed on collaborative and incremental development procedures. The prime reason behind adapting this procedure of developing software by major software developers in the modern context is that it provides an opportunity where requirements and solutions evolve through collaboration amid self-organizing and cross-practical teams. Additionally, it supports the implementation of adaptive planning, advancement development and delivery, along with a time boxed interactive approach (Keith, 2002). The main objective of this study is to conduct a descriptive analysis showing how projects are planned and are executed in SCRUM, Dynamic Systems Development Model (DSDM) and Lean Software Development that are being used for agile development and project management. 1. a. SCRUM Scrum is determined to be a simple yet incredibly powerful set of principles and practices that help teams provide products in short cycles, facilitating fast feedback, constant enhancement and rapid amendment to change. The development process is mainly centered on a flexible holistic product development approach where all the members engaged in the development task work mutually to reach a common goal. It is considered to be a popular agile project management method that has introduced the concept of empirical process control for managing complex and changing software projects (Szalvay, 2004). Examples. Companies such as Scrum Alliance, Inc. use scrum approach to develop their software (Scrum Alliance, Inc. 2013). b. Dynamic Systems Development Model (DSDM) Dynamic Systems Development Model (DSDM) is based on Rapid Application Development (RAD), heavily relying on prototyping and providing a framework for delivering quality solutions quickly. Since its origin in 1994, DSDM is considered to be one of the most extensively used frameworks for developing software in the United Kingdom (UK). The vital reason behind the increasing adoption of DSDM as one of the major approaches while developing software is that it defines nine core principles that are essential for the success of software. For instance, the approach mainly focuses on developing software through ensuring viewable active participation of the users, teaching design groups for making vital system related decisions and ascertaining that all kinds of changes during the process can be reversible (Abrahamson, Salo, Ronkainen, & Warsta, 2002). Examples. For instance, in DSDM, it has been viewed that the system first prepares a prototype and then empowerment. The next step is assigning the role to the different personnel associated with the process roles and suitable DSDM applications are followed while developing software (Howard, 1997). c. Lean Software Development In lean software development, the principle of the approach not only identifies the quality concern of the software that is being developed but also helps in recognizing and providing an opportunity to mitigate other issues that act as a barrier in the developing process. This facilitates in improving the quality of the software each time it is being built (Dasari, n.d.). Example. In lean software development, organizations use a decentralized form of decision making. Companies such as Microsoft are viewed to be using this form of agile development model for developing so

Gender and Women's Studies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gender and Women's Studies - Assignment Example The relevance of Myth of Scarcity to Gender & Women’s Studies relates to the manner in which the men respond to crises, blaming the women, who are incapacitated, for not taking part in solution finding (Rosie the Riveters of World War II). b) An example of White privilege at work is the ability of a white rapper like Eminem to market himself through alternative radio stations such as rock, rap, RnB and pop, whereas the black counterparts seldom receive airplay outside the realm of rap. c) The relevance of White privilege to Gender & Women’s Studies is the manner in which feminine traits are deemed weak. As a result, women end up being paid less than men for performing identical work are. For instance, male clothing designers and chefs are paid more than their female counterparts are (SCWAMP 7). a) Definition: A term used to describe the tactics that are used to make oppression successful by involving the victim in it. The victim is confined in a negative image and message environment, victim hating and violence, with a result of self-blaming and low self-esteem (Pharr 59). c) The Relevance of Blaming the Victim to Gender & Women’s Studies is when the male workers blame the female counterparts for not performing as much as them, as it was the case in the World War II (Rosie the Riveters of World War II). a) Definition: A term used to describe the phenomenon in which the oppressor leads the victim of oppression into believing his or her negative views, with a result of self-hatred, which can be expressed through self-abuse, despair and depression (Pharr 60). a) Definition: A term used to describe the tendency of a member of an oppressed group, who has been led to self-hatred through internalized oppression, to express hatred, prejudice and even lacking hope for the group and its members (Critical Terms Sheet). b) Horizontal Hostility takes place when women, who have been rape victims before, condemn all the subsequent rape victims, terming them as agents

3.Using an extended example critically discuss the view that a sector Essay - 2

3.Using an extended example critically discuss the view that a sector matrix gives a better strategic understanding of product markets than the concepts of product or commodity chains - Essay Example the incorporation of both value chain analysis and commodity chain analysis, sector matrix analysis stands out as the most effective tool for businesses to generate better strategic understanding of product markets (Froud, Johal, Leaver and Williams, 2006). The sector matrix offer information about complex product markets unlike commodity chain analysis that is based on a linear analysis. This study will first expose the inherent weaknesses in the commodity chain analysis that makes the model ineffective in the modern product markets before embarking on suitability of sector matrix as the preferred tool that should be used to determine business policies. A commodity chain for any given product covers the necessary processes that take place to ensure at the end of the undertaken activities is a finished product. Since the development of commodity chain analysis, researchers have identified number of issues that limits the ability of the concept to provide an up to date analysis of product market situations (Kutting, 2004). This criticism has not only been from scholars outside the commodity chain perspective, but also from within. For instance, the different perspectives by scholars who use the commodity chains concept has resulted in the presence of two schools of thought where there are those in favour of the traditional world systems approach who are attributed with the introduction of commodity chain concept. The other school of thought that includes scholars such as Gary Gereffi and colleagues are in favour of a more encompassing tool for analysis and are therefore credited with the introduction of the global commodity chain (Ba ir, 2005). For instance, the transformation brought by globalization can be experienced when in the clothing industry the raw material is harvested in India but manufactured into yarn in Portugal. The yarn is then transported to Taiwan for colouring then to Poland where it is weaved. The other parts like buttons and rivets are

Postcolonial Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Postcolonial Literature - Essay Example /inferior postcolonial literature dominates most literary study and it is clear that the establishment of Afrocentric criteria poses an important challenge to the traditional patterns. Not all of the hierarchies are so clearly drawn, nor are they so firmly entrenched as one might believe. Postcolonial critics such as Said, Loomba, Bhabha and Fanon address and describe the principal features of postcolonialisms intellectual inheritance. Edward Said Orientalism (1991) unveils an uneasy relationship with Marxism, a specifically poststructuralist and anti-humanist understanding of two opposite worlds: Western and colonial ones. In his works, Said states that while all texts are worldly, great texts reflect the greatest pressures and preoccupations of the postcolonial world. In contrast to Said, Fanon depicts resistance and anti-colonial ideas typical for the society of this period of time. In his works, Fanon pays a special attention to French colonialism and collective violence. Fanon claims that the most important thing for citizens is total liberation and freedom, liberal ideas and self-understanding. He writes: â€Å"Colonialism wants everything to come from it. But the dominant psychological feature of the colonized is to withdraw before any invitation of the conqu erors† (Fanon 63). In contrast to said, Fanon pays a special attention to grievances and problems of black population, slave and master relationships. B. Achebe Things Fall Apart focuses on the debilitating consequences of colonialism in the traditional African society with the sacrosanct male protagonists at the center of that society. Since the womans voice is, as it were, muted and the mans accented, many a feminist reader, nettled by such gross marginalization of the female gender, has relent- lessly flayed Achebes masculinist bigotry. Indeed, things fall apart because women have not been recognized as a potential dynamic force. Achebe makes no bones about delineating a woman as a slave rather than

Communication Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Communication Technology - Essay Example And as centuries passed by, communication tools were eventually refined, brought about by technological progressions- from typewriters and telephones, then computers and cellular phones, and now, laptops and notebooks, not to mention the advent of iphones and ipods- thus, broadening the horizons and spectra of communication. In this regard, it would be interesting to explicate and exemplify the effects of technological advances in communication into the lives and ways of the people. As such, this paper shall answer the following interesting queries: The modern contemporary society's daily lives may seem to be an indulgence in communication technology. People watch televisions and listen to radios, as well as converse or talk through phones and browse the internet. Perhaps, one can never imagine living a life each day without these communication technologies. On the other hand, compared 50 or 100 years ago, the people today are definitely experiencing more benefits in terms of the availability of the communication technologies. ... People watch televisions and listen to radios, as well as converse or talk through phones and browse the internet. Perhaps, one can never imagine living a life each day without these communication technologies. On the other hand, compared 50 or 100 years ago, the people today are definitely experiencing more benefits in terms of the availability of the communication technologies. For instance, during our grandparents' time 50 years ago, that is, during 1950s, they did not have access to the internet because the first internet or the predecessor to the internet, called the ARPANET, only started during 1969 and the renowned WWW or world wide web only became possible in 1994 (About.com "The History"; Federal Communications Commission "Making the Connections"). Hence, in most recent times, a growing percentage of American households agreed that internet broadband connections provided many advantages in their lives, as evidenced by integrated access to voice, high-speed data, video-on-demand, and interactive delivery services, thereby experiencing the fullest communication technology (Federal Communications Commission "Making the Connections"). [The image below was taken from ThinkQuest.org "Co mputer", which depicts how the current world "revolves inside an era of technological advancement in communication".] However, as communication technology advances, it is accompanied by the alarming unlawful activities like identity fraud and video scandals, to name some, which can be seen as the offenders' acts to "communicate" their aggression and bad intentions. In fact, anyone can become victims and be harmed by those misuses of communication

Fibromyalgia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fibromyalgia - Essay Example It was observed there is high aggregation of Fibromyalgia in families of Fibromyalgia patients. The mode of inheritance followed is probably polygenic. An association between Fibromyalgia and polymorphisms of the genes in the serotoninergic, dopaminergic and catecholaminergic systems was observed in research. However these polymorphisms are not specific for Fibromyalgia and are associated with a range of somatic disorders and with depression (Buskila 332-8). Stress is often considered as a risk factor for Fibromyalgia It has also been hypothesized that because exposure to stressful conditions can alter the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the development of fibromyalgia may stem from stress-induced disruption of the HPA axis (McBeth et al . R992-R1000) There is strong evidence that major depression and fibromyalgia are associated with each other. The symptoms of fatigue, sleep disturbances, and cognitive disturbances that are characteristic of Fibromyalgia are also present in depressive illness. Patients with Fibromyalgia often improve with antidepressant medications. Although current major depression was found in only about 18-36% of Fibromyalgia patients, a lifetime history of depression was observed in 50-70% of the cases in a study (Goldenberg 778-779). Gender and age are the other important risk factors in Fibromyalgia as Fibromyalgia is 10 times more prevalent in women than in men and is most likely to be diagnosed between the ages of 20 and 50 (Chakravarty and Zoorob 247). The most important signs of Fibromyalgia are pain in multiple sites, fatigue, and poor sleep. Patients often complain of low back pain, which may radiate into the buttocks and legs. Also common are complaints of pain and tightness in the neck and across the upper posterior shoulders. The pain may be described as a burning or gnawing soreness, stiffness, or aching. Many patients awaken frequently at night and have difficulty falling back to sleep. Upon waking, many patients feel exhausted and complain of stiffness, which improves as the day passes by. Pain must last for more than 3 months in all four quadrants of the body.Fibromyalgia is diagnosed if there is a history of widespread pain lasting more than three months-affecting all four quadrants of the body and presence of 11 tender points among the nine pairs of sites specified by the American Rheumatology College (Chakravarty and Zoorob 248-249) Many patients with fibromyalgia complain of cognitive difficulties (known as "brain fog" or "fibrofog") such as short and long-term memory problems, groping for words, and poor vocabulary. Headaches, including migraine type, also are common. A feeling of swollen joints without actual swelling, and paresthesias without objective neurologic findings, are considered two important features of Fibromyalgia (Chakravarty and Zoorob 248). As a medically unexplained syndrome, there is no known cure or universally accepted treatment for fibromyalgia, and treatment is typically aimed at symptom management. Along with pharmaceutical treatment, research was done on a variety of alternative treatments for Fibromyalgia with varying results. Short-term exercise programs for individuals with fibromyalgia have consistently improved physical function, especially physical fitness, and reduced tender point pain; however the exercise must be done at moderate intensity and consistently. The exercise should start at intensities below the

Communication Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Communication Technology - Essay Example And as centuries passed by, communication tools were eventually refined, brought about by technological progressions- from typewriters and telephones, then computers and cellular phones, and now, laptops and notebooks, not to mention the advent of iphones and ipods- thus, broadening the horizons and spectra of communication. In this regard, it would be interesting to explicate and exemplify the effects of technological advances in communication into the lives and ways of the people. As such, this paper shall answer the following interesting queries: The modern contemporary society's daily lives may seem to be an indulgence in communication technology. People watch televisions and listen to radios, as well as converse or talk through phones and browse the internet. Perhaps, one can never imagine living a life each day without these communication technologies. On the other hand, compared 50 or 100 years ago, the people today are definitely experiencing more benefits in terms of the availability of the communication technologies. ... People watch televisions and listen to radios, as well as converse or talk through phones and browse the internet. Perhaps, one can never imagine living a life each day without these communication technologies. On the other hand, compared 50 or 100 years ago, the people today are definitely experiencing more benefits in terms of the availability of the communication technologies. For instance, during our grandparents' time 50 years ago, that is, during 1950s, they did not have access to the internet because the first internet or the predecessor to the internet, called the ARPANET, only started during 1969 and the renowned WWW or world wide web only became possible in 1994 (About.com "The History"; Federal Communications Commission "Making the Connections"). Hence, in most recent times, a growing percentage of American households agreed that internet broadband connections provided many advantages in their lives, as evidenced by integrated access to voice, high-speed data, video-on-demand, and interactive delivery services, thereby experiencing the fullest communication technology (Federal Communications Commission "Making the Connections"). [The image below was taken from ThinkQuest.org "Co mputer", which depicts how the current world "revolves inside an era of technological advancement in communication".] However, as communication technology advances, it is accompanied by the alarming unlawful activities like identity fraud and video scandals, to name some, which can be seen as the offenders' acts to "communicate" their aggression and bad intentions. In fact, anyone can become victims and be harmed by those misuses of communication

Ethical Issues in Businesses Today Essay Example for Free

Ethical Issues in Businesses Today Essay Ethical issues in businesses today There are a million ethical issues in todays businesses and unfortunately there is no perfect decision measurement for all these ethical issues in business. The ethical issues in international businesses are much more complicated and much more delicate, along with being tenfold in numbers. According to Wiley (1995), ethics is concerned with moral obligation, responsibility, and social Justice. She goes on to say that ethics reflects the character of the individual and more con temporarily per haps, the character of the business firm, which is a collection of individuals. Mauro et all, 1999) It is evident that ethics play such a crucial role in businesses if we consider the instances like the Enron companys ethical break down. Not only in Enron, but Dilemmas involving discrimination, harassment, fraud, contractual breaches, favouritism and consistent policies regarding pay, rewards and discipline are common occurrences in many organizations. (Hartel, C. E. J, Fujimoto, Y, 2010) Industry Wide Ethical Issues in Business Following is a list of industry wide ethical issues in businesses. The problem with these ethical issues in business is that they are not only really routine and frequent ut they are also more wide-spread Bribing powerful officials in order to get bids and tenders accepted and bribing competitor employees to get informational leaks is a serious ethical issue in business. In fact, it is a crime that is legally punishable in most countries today. Labor related issues like gender discrimination at workplace, employee harassment, minority community participation, working conditions and child labor are also some general ethical issues in busines

Impact of Internet Usage on the Academic Performance

Impact of Internet Usage on the Academic Performance INTRODUCTION Problem Statement: The impact of internet usage on the academic performance of adolescent students at St. Stephens College . Statement of Problem: The study investigates how students of St Stephens College are affected by the use of the internet. St. Stephens College, located in Princes Town, Trinidad is known as one of the highest ranked academic institutions in the country. The school comprises of approximately 750 students, most of which excel at their studies. Most, if not all of the students attending the school has had some contact with the internet which could have an effect on their academic performance. It is believed that the internet helps students to be more involved academically, therefore improving the quality of work done by the student. There is also the fact that students can misuse the internet, be it cyber bullying or being distracted by it, which can negatively impact on them. Purpose of Study: This study is geared towards determining if the use of the internet by students of St. Stephens College has impacted upon their academic performance and if so, how. Educational Value:  The information gained from this study can be used to re-assess the importance and significance of the use of the internet by students. The information can help to inform individuals of how to designate their time on the internet and also help promote proper use of the internet throughout various schools or even throughout the country. Research Questions: Is there a relationship between the use of the internet and academic performance of students? Have students become dependent on the internet? Has the use of the internet promote or hinder the academic performance of students? DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS Internet A global system of interconnected computer networks which bear a variety of information and services. Academic performance- How well a student is accomplishing his or her tasks and studies. Student A person studying to obtain a higher education LITERATURE REVIEW The internet is a global linking of devices that allow information transfer. The internet was established in the early 1960s by the U.S department of defence (Schneider, Evans and Pinard, 2006) for military purposes. It is a fact that the internet is one of the greatest advancement in the world of information technology as it has become a useful instrument that has fostered the process of making the world a global village. The Internet provides an environment in which millions of people participate and engage in the creation and exchange of information (Rose Fernlund, 1997). It allows for the exchange of information and for interaction among individuals in real time, making transport and distance no longer a problem. There are approximately 2.4 billion people on earth who has access to the internet with over 70 percent of them using the internet at least once a day. This amounts to a total of 144 billion emails being sent every 24 hours (internet world statistics, 2012). What started out as a hobby for some computer literate people has become a social norm and way of life for people around the globe (Boyd, 2007). The Caribbean consist of approximately 42 million people, 32.4% of which, use the internet (internet coaching library , 2012). Internet use has become very popular in many areas as well as in education in recent years. Accordingly, Internet access in schools has increased greatly over the last 20 years (Berson, 2000). In a research article, Ying-Fang Chen and Samuel S. Peng (2005-2006 academic year juniors) A study done on a variety of randomly selected University students in Taiwan showed that heavy Internet users and non-heavy Internet users differed significantly on a number of dimensions. Non-heavy users had better relationships with administrative staff, academic grades and learning satisfaction than heavy Internet users. Tuckman (1975) defined academic performance as the apparent demonstration of understanding concepts, skills, ideas and knowledge and proposed that grades clearly depict the performance of students. Heavy users were more likely than non-heavy Internet users to be depressed, physically ill, lonely, and introverted. According to a journal of Education and Sociology done in Pakistan, Muhammad Musaud Asdaque, December, 2010. The use of the internet is one of the major factors affecting the academic performance and social life of university students. The number of hours spent on internet will affect the grades of students depending on if the internet is used for study purpose or social purposes. Many studies have been conducted regarding the type of information the end-users seek and obtain on the Internet and in which circumstances they prefer electronic sources to paper sources(Tenopir et al.2003).Also , students can gain from others knowledge and experiences, participate in chatrooms, share ideas and solutions. Teens spend approximately 2.3 hours online a day, 80 percent of that time, on social networking sites (Roiworld, 2010). Students who multi-task between social networking sites and homework are likely to have 20% lower grades than a student who does not have a social networking site in visual range (Lenhart, A, 2009, April). Also , many researchers believe that excessive use of the internet has the potential to become an addiction (Griffiths, 1995, 2000). Some, involvement on the Internet begins to have serious, negative consequences. When such consequences are minimized or ignored while Internet use increases, Internet dependence is occurring. As of 2005, it is estimated that 6% of users are Internet dependent (Villanova Counseling Center). The internet can act as a major distraction to students if not properly managed. However, some studies show that students primary use the internet for school work specifically, searching the web for information needed for school projects (Kraut et al, 1996). This in turn, can improve the academic performance of a student. METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION PRIMARY SOURCES: In order to carry out the internal assessment on the impact of internet usage on the academic performance of adolescence students of St. Stephens College, research had to be done using both primary and secondary sources of data. The primary data collection source used was a questionnaire since it allowed the person time to answer questions and it was also cost effective. The questionnaire was also used because it allowed for data to be analysed easily and was not time consuming. A questionnaire is a means of research, consisting of a series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents. The questionnaire used consisted of 14 questions, 3 of which were open ended questions. The open ended questions were used to obtain qualitative data from the respondents. The other 11 questions were closed ended and were used to obtain quantitative data on the topic. A total of 60 questionnaires were distributed randomly across forms 1 to 6 students. The ran dom distribution ensured that there was no bias in the selection of candidates since each person had an equal chance of being chosen. SECONDARY SOURCES: The secondary sources of data included the internet, books and texts. This was done to gain a better understanding of the problem which was being investigated PRESENTATION OF DATA Map Showing Location Of Princess Town In Trinidad figure 1 figure 2 figure3 figure 4 figure 5 figure 6 figure 7 Figure 8: Diagram showing students who use the internet for aid in research Figure 9: Diagram showing other means of research used by students INTERPRETATION OF DATA Based on the results obtained from the 60 students investigated at St. Stephens College, it was found that most students ( 68% ) partake in online activities more than once per day while only 4% of them do not partake at all. This shows that while most students do have internet access , some do not and are therefore not affect by the effects of the internet. As indicated by figure 2, a majority of the students who do have access to the internet also spend between 1 and 3 hours online everyday ( 45 ) while 12 spend more than 4 hours online. The internet is used by students in various fashions as seen from figure 3. The number of students using the internet for education, entertainment, and communicating with others are almost corresponding. Coupled with the other activities as, passing time, shopping and work/business, it can be seen that most time spent on the internet is not for educational purposes. When the data from figure 2 and 3 are combined , it can see that 33 students students spend more than 2 hours online everyday and that most of that time would be spent idle and not constructive. However , from figures 8 and 9 , it can clearly be seen that all of the students that were selected, use the internet for aid in research, while in figure 9, students use more than one souurce of research. This included 32 choosing books, 21 using newspapers and 7 use journal as their source. Figures 8 and 9 show that students do accomplish work on the internet but not all information can be sourced there. Figure 4 shows that while there are 21 students scoaring acceptable grades at end of the term examinations (60-100%), there is still an overwhelming number of students performing under par (0-60%). This includes 39 of the 60 students. The table show that there is likely a link between the use of the internet and academic performance of the students. Larger quantities of students idle online resulting in greater quantities of students scoaring below average. The location of internet usage usually used by students are shown on figure 5. Most students use the internet either at their homes oor by a family members home. This accounts for 52 of the 60 students. The home is a place where most students relax and feel free and this may lead to them allocating more time idle on the internet as compared to a student who uses the internet at school where the use of the internet is controlled. The large quantities of students using the internet at home may be directly linked to the below average end of term examinations grades. Many of the students indicated that the internet was useful when it came towards academic work (95%), while the other 5% said otherwise according to figure 6. On figure 7, almost equal quantities of students both disagree and agree with the statement that the advantages of the internet outweigh the disadvantages. A total of 23 students agreed while 22 students disagreed , 15 students were neutral about the topic. The data shown from both figures 6 and 7 indicate that while large quantities of students do believe that the internet is useful towards academic work , it is easy to be distracted and held at an disadvantage instead of focus and be at an advantage . DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS The main objective of this study was to carry out an investigation about the impact of internet usage on the academic performance of students at St. Stephens College. The findings from the research done, inficated that the increased quantity of students using the internet corresponded to the high numbers of students whith low academic scores. This also corresponded to the research article done by Ying-Fang Chen and Samuel C.Peng (2005-2006) as their candidates who had heavy internet usage performed poorly with respect to academics. From the research done it was also found that students with internet access spend more time online, idle than doing assignments. Therefore students without internet access would spend more time constructive. One of the objectives of the research was to determine if students had become dependent on the internet . Althought many students admitted that the internet does help with research, many of them also refer to sources such as books and journals. This data lead to the conclusion that while students are quite heavily dependent on the internet , they are not totally dependent and are capable of using varyous sources for research. Overall, the results of this study compared to the literature review show that students are more negatively impacted upon by internet use as the internet, althought helpful at times, it a distraction to students. CONCLUSION The research study has clearly outlined the impact of the internet on the students of ST. Stephens College. It can be concluded that althought internet usage does have its benefits, the internet impacts more negatively on students as they are more distracted by online activities and spend less time doing work. Also, it can be concluded that althought students are heavily dependent on the internet, they are not fully dependant since they are capable of using various sources for information. LIMITATIONS Firstly, the sample for the study was selected from only one institute, therefore generalization of the findings to the total population is limited. Also, the study investigates the impact of the internet on academic performance. Other variables such as health, gender and social well-being may also affect performance, therefore future studies should not be as limited. RECOMMENDATIONS To improve the study done, more questionnaires could have been distributed to improve the accuracy of the study. Also, some students could have been interviewed to obtain a better qualitative report. To reduce the negative effect of the internet on students, schools can inform parents to manage supervise their childs internet usage to ensure that time is not wasted. BIBLIOGRAPY: APPENDICES Questionnaire This questionnaire is designed to evaluate the relationship between internet usage and academic performance. Your cooperation in completing this study, your honest answers to the following questions would be greatly appreciated. As all responses are confidential, please do not sign your name. What is your age? ____________________________ Gender? Male Female How often do you use the internet? More than once per day Once a day Not at all Per week On average how many hours per day do you spend on the internet? Less than 1 hour 1-2 hours 2-3 hours More than 3 hours Where do you use the internet? Home School Family members home Cafà © Library What do you primarily use the Web for? (Please check all that apply.) Education Shopping/gathering product information Entertainment Work/Business Passing time Communication with others (not including email) Gathering information for personal needs Do you use the internet for aid in research? Yes No If so please state why. _______________________________________________________________________ How much does the internet help you academically? Very little Not at all A moderate amount Very much Do you use any of the following as means of research other than the internet? Books Newspapers Journals The advantages of the internet outweigh the disadvantages. Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree How do you perform in your end of term exams? 0-25 marks 45-60marks 35-45marks 60-85marks 85-100 marks Do you believe that the internet can have an effect on academic performance? _________________________________________________________________ If so please state why?

The Enthusiastic :: essays research papers

Essay The enthusiastic embrace of the Internet by the world’s people is changing the way they handle personal and business relationships, define their lifestyle and learn about the rest of the world. With the Internet and modern technology today there is no limit as to what people are able to do. A majority of today’s people (especially youth) would have to live very differently without the Internet as they use it in almost every aspect of their lives. It is now the basis of people’s lives and without it; the world would be a different place. There is a down side to the Internet. People do not get out as much, instead of doing things like exercising, getting out doors and being with friends and family, they stay inside and surf the Internet. However with all the upsides of the Internet and technology these can be ruled out, but should not be forgotten altogether. Using the Internet, we now can communicate differently, that is through the use of e-mail and online chat. No longer do we have to wait for days for a letter to reach its destination, but via e-mail it can take a number of seconds only. Information can be conveyed from one place to another much quicker. Online chat is a way people meet others, and catch up with friends without leaving the house. They can enter chat rooms from various sites over the net and talk/chat to people. Business relation ships are different as well. Deals can be made quicker online and do not have to be in person. Arranging meetings can be done online. Often a large part of a businesses work is done via or over the Internet especially if the company has its own web site set up. There is a huge amount of advertising also on-line. Because so many people use the net, advertisements are put in the Internet. There is a wide scope of users, so all of these adverts would be seen. Most advertisements are not plain pictures and text, but with a link to the businesses web site, (people only have to click on the icon.) Online advertising, in some ways, would be more effective that television, in that they can go directly to a company’s site when they see the advertisement, if there is an online store people can buy right away. A business can display its products or services on the Internet, and sell it this way.

Ted Kaczynski, the UNABOMBER - An Ethical Case Study Essay -- Philosop

Ted Kaczynski, the UNABOMBER - An Ethical Case Study The intent of this study is to determine exactly how much responsibility Ted Kaczynski must accept for his actions as the UNABOMBER. The essential problem of the situation is that Kaczynski claims complete responsibility, but he has been ruled mentally ill by the State. He adamantly denies his illness, stating that social maladjustment, although technically a sickness, is distinct from an organic based illness, and therefore within his realm of free will. We will also address the role his brother and sister-in-law played in the tragedy, their motives, and the impact their pleas have brought to bear on the dilemma. We will examine this ethology from an existentialist perspective, as this is the most applicable to Ted Kaczynski himself. Case Summary During an 18-year period as the UNABOMBER, Ted Kaczynski wounded 23 people and killed 3 with pipe bombs. He is a vehement anarchist and Luddite who feels that oversocialization and technology are destroying Man and strangling out any kind of Freedom he may have ever possessed. According to section 114 of his manifesto, "The system HAS TO regulate human behavior closely in order to function†¦. Bureaucracies HAVE TO be run according to rigid rules†¦. It is true that some restrictions on our freedom could be eliminated, but GENERALLY SPEAKING the regulation of our lives by large organizations is necessary for the functioning of industrial-technological society. The result is a sense of powerlessness on the part of the average person. It may be, however, that formal regulations will tend increasingly to be replaced by psychological tools that make us want to do what the system requires of us." Evidenc... ... Conclusions Existentially, David has made the dominant decision in the end, and the truly free decision. Ted, as do most ‘martyrs’ (which is how he views himself) has chosen to sacrifice his freedom by not ending his own life. Right to die? He has it every day when he looks around him. If he leaves his right to die in someone else’s hands, he accepts no responsibility and therefore does not truly exist as a free individual, and therefore does not have a right to die. The strengths of this model are that there is an intrinsic master and slave: this is also the weakness, because Ted denied the existence of the master in that all men were there own masters. Unlike Ted, who claims to accept responsibility but actually denied it by denying the inequality of existence, his brother did accept the responsibility by choosing to exist in dominance.

Bombardier Aerospace

Case 1Bombardier Aerospace| Prepared for:| AKM Mominul Haque Talukder Course Instructor Human Resource Management East West University Prepared By:| Group- 6 Name| ID No. | Ismat Jahan Senjuti| 2011-1-90-001| Bani Biswas| 2011-1-90-002| Nusrat Jahan| 2011-1-90-006| Jubaid Rashid| 2011-2-90-008| Mukshuda Akhter| 2011-3-90-002| Nazmus Shakib| 2012-1-91-001| Khandoker Mehedi Hasan| 2012-1-90-015| Sec: 01 East West University East West University October 20, 2012 CONTENTS Case Summary – Bombardier Aerospace1| Comptications 3| Question # One4| Question # Two5| Question # Three6| Question # Four7| Implication8| . 0 Case Summary – Bombardier Aerospace Bombardier Aerospace is a division of Bombardier Inc. and is regarded as one of the third largest aircraft company in the world in terms of yearly delivery of commercial airplanes overall, and the fourth largest in terms of yearly delivery of regional jets. It is headquartered in Ville-Marie, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Bombardier started its journey with the founder J. Armand Bombardier in 1942 to manufacture tracked vehicles for transportation on snow covered terrain and has earmarked itself as one of Canada’s oldest, most diversified and reputed companies.By 2002, the company has grown revenues to $21. 6 billion with a net income $390. 9 million from 5 operating units including: Bombardier Transportation, Bombardier Aerospace, Bombardier Recreation Products, Bombardier Capital and Bombardier International. Bombardier Aerospace, a SBU of Bombardier Inc, had over 33, 000 employees and established itself as an internationally integrated organization with full design and production operations in Canada, United States and UK. Such operations made Bombardier Aerospace as the third largest civil airframe manufacturer and a leader in region airliners, business jets and amphibious aircraft.Its high-performance aircraft and services set the standard of excellence in several markets, including: Business Aircra ft | Commercial Aircraft | Amphibious Aircraft | Jet Travel Solutions | Specialized Aircraft Solutions | Aircraft Services And Training | During 1999, after several months of negotiation and planning process Bombardier Aerospace was able to build a unique relationship with the Canadian Government, who after the Cold War started at looking how military could operate under tighter fiscal restraints.In a joint initiative under NATO, Bombardier Aerospace agreed to service and own training aircraft and in turn leased these aircraft to the Canadian military for training purposes. This arrangement was named as NATO Flight Training in Canada (NFTC) which aimed at managing Ground Based Flight Training School and Simulator Training. In any given time , approximately 75 students from Canada and other NATO countries were enrolled in the NFTC training program. Alex Lachance hails with 20 years of flying experience in the Canadian military and after an illustrious experience with Canadian militar y has also occupied several other positions.During 2002, Alex joined Bombardier Aerospace as the manager of ground-based training operations for Nato Flight Training in Canada NFTC and almost at some point in time Ted Baker who had successfully completed Bombardier’s interview process few months before joined as an instructors in Nato Flight Training in Canada (NFTC). The hiring process at bombardier was quite a challenging once since achieving the two crucial objectives of finding an incumbent for the vacant position who is equally equipped in terms of the technical expertise required along with their fit of the candidate with the Bombardier culture of was not an easy task.Also, it was seen that whoever bargained during the interview process, on the whole achieved a better remuneration package with the ‘per diem allowance’ paid only to those who negotiate for a moving allowance of this nature. When Ted, a new hire came to know about this, he was utterly dismayed and disappointed on the impartial and unfair compensation system of Bombardier’s. Ted raised this issue to the newly appointed manager, Alex who was utterly surprised and after being communicated took the issue to the HR.Once he obtained a thorough idea and comprehended that the per diem allowance has been only paid to those who have bargained. He thought of raising the issue to the corporate head office. The dilemma over which Ted is now fixated is what will the after effect of implementing such a policy? Will it imply Bombardier changing its policy for all its operations? Will it mean that it will increase cost to the company? These were several questions which were pondering in Alex’s mind. Also the fact being that he has just joined the company not even few months ago he was quite perplexed and confounded regarding what step to take. . 0 Complications Critical challenges which were witnessed in the case ‘Bombardier Aerospace’ are depicted below: * The interview process in the overall hiring procedure remained to be quite challenging since achieving the two crucial objectives of finding an incumbent for the vacant position who is equally equipped in terms of the technical expertise required along with their fit of the candidate with the Bombardier culture of ‘ entrepreneurial high achievement’ was not an easy job. * Bombardier’s current relocation policy did not seem to be fair and transparent to all.It meant candidates who better bargain in their interview process would benefit most as only if someone raises concerns on moving incidentals and meals only those were offered the ‘per diem allowance’. * Discrepancy which existed amongst new hires in terms of compensation was heard by some of the new appointed instructors and potential recruits expressed dismay and consternation which certainly affected employee morale to work for this company and loss resulted in lack of enthusiasm about their job. A nother associated challenge was if these newly appointed instructors those who have not been provided with the benefit of the ‘per diem allowance’ for moving incidentals and meals together lodge an objection and appeal to the Labor Relations Board, it will cause not only monetary loss for ‘Bombardier Aerospace’ via compensations but also image loss which would have trickle affect in potential future instructors as they will be reluctant to become part of Bombardier Aerospace which is unfair and unjust with their employees. 3. 0 QuestionQ #1. Evaluate Ted Baker’s reaction to NFTC’s relocation policy and his decision to approach Alex Lachance? | Ted Baker had successfully completed Bombardier’s interview process during summer of 2002 and was offer an appointment in Nato Flight Training in Canada (NFTC) to commence work few months later. During this same time nearly about other 20 instructors were also appointed. About few weeks after, Ale x Lachance joined Bombardier Aerospace as the manager of ground-based training operations for Nato Flight Training in Canada NFTC.After Alex joined, Ted approached him and communicated some of his major concerns about which he was extremely dismal. He had overheard the conversations of other newly employed instructors regarding their relocation benefits and compensation and most importantly the ‘per diem allowance’ provided to cover their moving incidentals and meals. Ted was extremely disappointed to see the relocation policy of Bombardier which to him reflected an unfair and inequitable system as he felt that it was not fair for some employees to receive a per diem allowance and while others did not.Also, when Alex came to know about it, he was shocked and surprised to learn about such compensation policy and he too felt it was not an evenhanded and a just policy to handle recruits, however he did not mention anything to Ted upfront. Also, one important thing was Ted had negotiated compensation for moving allowances, a paid trip to Moose Jaw and interim lodging and this additional compensation was tied up to the typical three- year loan agreement and similarly other new recruits who were paid all these what Ted received and in addition also the per diem allowance also was tied up with the same experience.Hence, Ted had a very disapproving reaction about the NFTC’s relocation policy. Q # 2 In your position as Alex Lachance would you attempts to change the relocation policy? Please be specific? | If I was given the position and responsibilities of Alex Lachance, I would have adopted an absolutely fair and impartial relocation policy. Hence, for this if required changing the policy, I would have certainly opted for that taking approval from all those concerned. The case presents the scenario of a recruit ‘Ted Baker’ who felt his package was discriminated when compared to some of the recruits who were offered appointment during t he same time.If I was in the position of Alex Lachance, then after hearing the rationale from the human resource department which purely stated that these additional benefits were paid to those who displayed better bargaining power during the interview. Based on the potential incumbent’s request and negotiation skills during the hiring process they were entitled for that benefit. Hence, quite often new employees those who did not ask for the per diem allowance, they were not paid. Thus, overall it reflected an unfair and non-uniform relocation policy:I would have taken the below specific steps to resolve this matter: * Step 1: I would have taken this issue to the Corporate Head office, Human Resource department in Montreal before circulating a new uniform hiring and compensation policy. This was to understand the implication of such policy at a group level as Bombardier had so many employees all over the world. * Step 2: Also, I would have given recommendation to the Corporat e Head Office to take any of the two alternatives as the way forward I.To re-look at the entire human resource policy and most importantly the cost attached of having to be paid all the new employees who are re-locating the ‘per diem allowance. ’ If that was feasible in terms of cost to the company then we should have proceeded with that. II. Secondly, if it came to the situation that such uniform policy will tremendously increase the cost to the company, in such an instance my recommendation would have been not to provide ‘per diem allowance’ to any of the employees as most importantly it was not fair.Also, if some employees chose to go and appeal to the Labor Relations Board for such unfair treatment, this might cause law suit charges to be paid and also loss of reputation and image as an employer and company. Q # 3 How would you respond to Ted Baker? | My response to Ted Baker would be a very candid, direct and impartial one which I would have provided h im after thoroughly understanding and evaluating the given situation. First of all, I would have thanked Ted Baker for being upfront and telling me about the exact issue what he heard from other new instructors’ without creating rumor about the company.And would also point out that his behavior and attitude was a reflection of him already being part of the company. As a second step I will provide him re-assurance that after critical scrutiny it has been observed that there has been some discrepancy in the past about the offer of ‘per diem allowance’. Hence, with my proposed recommendation of bringing uniformity in the relocation policy it has been notified to the Corporate Head office, Human Resource department in Montreal.Either their decision is to continue with this benefit or not, what I will ensure Ted is the end outcome would be something which is fair, impartial and transparent to all the employees. This is how I would try to regain the confidence of Ted B aker on the company and try to bring his enthusiasm back for his job and Bombardier. Also this might reduce the dismay and consternation of Ted and allow him to recuperate his expectation and enthusiasm about working at Bombardier. Q # 4 what’s your learning out of this case? |HR Compensation and benefits policy affect the productivity and happiness of employees, as well as the ability of an organization to effectively realize its objectives. It is to an organization’s advantage to ensure that the employees are creatively as well as equitably compensated and knowledgeable of their benefits. Key learning’s which any organization and most importantly any head of the HR department can educe are illustrated below: * Ensure equity and fairness in the remuneration and compensation policy and system as globally it has been identified as a key component in creating a successful compensation system.The equity can be ensured in the following three unique ways: * Provide w orkplace equity which implies giving perception that all employees in an organization are being treated fairly * Establish a culture of internal pay equity where all employees in an organization can perceive that they are being rewarded fairly according to the relative value of their jobs within an organization * Offer pay by omparing external pay conditions to ensure external equity exists when employees in an organization perceive that they are being rewarded fairly in relation to those who perform similar jobs in other organizations * Perceived inequity or unfairness, either external or internal, can result in low morale and loss of organizational effectiveness. For example, if employees feel they are being compensated unfairly as was illustrated in the case of Ted Baker, it can have a negative and demoralizing impact.Employees may restrict their efforts or leave the organization, damaging the organization’s overall performance and also cause loss of goodwill. The key lear ning’s from this case can also be linked to one of Abraham Lincoln’s famous quote which states â€Å"It is true that you may fool all the people some of the time, you can even fool some of the people all the time, but you can’t fool all the people all the time†. Also a related quote can be drawn to express the learning’s from the case â€Å"It’s better to lose in a cause that will someday win, than win in a cause that will some-day lose! 4. 0 Implications Every organization is powered by its people. Consequently, effective HR strategies are critical to ensure productivity and maximum success. HR professionals play an important role in terms of coming up with the right strategies to support organizational direction but must have the ability to think beyond tactics to identify the high-level areas of focus that will drive success. * Consider Strategic Vision HR leaders should review the company's current vision to determine ways in which HR a ctivities can support that vision.In concert with other organizational leaders, HR staff must consider whether the vision is applicable based on external and internal factors and whether changes in the marketplace may be suggesting a new vision. * Consider Demographics HR leaders should examine the demographics of the workforce to determine where gaps may exist between current skills and the need for skills and experience that may emerge in the future, in alignment with the organization's vision and strategies.HR strategy should be focused on filling these gaps through strategic recruitment, retention and training efforts. * Transfer of Knowledge Ensuring transfer of knowledge between department workers — whether they are departing voluntarily or involuntarily, or due to retirement or other reasons – is necessary to ensure continuity and minimal impact on productivity and effectiveness.